Malaria is a life-threatening disease
spread to humans by some types of mosquitoes. It is mostly found in tropical
countries. It is preventable and curable. The infection is caused by a parasite
and does not spread from person to person. Symptoms can be mild or
life-threatening. ill symptoms are fever, chills and headache. Severe symptoms
include fatigue, confusion, seizures, and difficulty breathing. Infants,
children under 5 years, pregnant women, travelers and people with HIV or AIDS
are at higher risk of severe infection. Malaria can be prevented by avoiding
mosquito bites and with medicines. Treatments can stop mild cases from getting
worse. Malaria mostly spreads to people through the bites of some infected
female Anopheles mosquitoes. Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may
also transmit malaria. The first symptoms may be mild, similar to many febrile
illnesses, and difficulty to recognise as malaria. Left untreated, P.
falciparum malaria can progress to severe illness and death within 24 hours. There
are 5 Plasmodium parasite species that cause malaria in humans and 2 of these
species – P. falciparum and P. vivax – pose the greatest threat. P. falciparum
is the deadliest malaria parasite and the most prevalent on the African
continent. P. vivax is the dominant malaria parasite in most countries outside
of sub-Saharan Africa. The other malaria species which can infect humans are P.
malariae, P. ovale and P. Knowles. another word Malaria: is a serious and
sometimes fatal disease caused by a parasite that commonly infects a certain
type of mosquito which feeds on humans. People who get malaria are typically
very sick with high fever, shaking Cahill's, and flu like illness. Four kinds
of malaria parasite infects humans. This
is mostly probably due to the fact that the medical world has been able to
effectively unmask all malaria related subject, most importantly its cure.
Malaria account for 60% of and patient visits and 30% of hospitalization among
children under five AS of age in Nigeria malaria is one of the most important
public health problems in the world.
1.1 Historical
background of the study
According 96 to August 1998 during
the military regime of General Sani Abacha, and then of Kwara State from August
1998 to May 1999 during the transitional regime of General Abdulsalami
Abubakar, He built the Rasheed Shekoni Specialist Hospital in Dutse, capital of
Jigawa state, but it was then abandoned for ten years before it could be
equipped and put to use, The Rasheed Shekoni Specialist Hospital is a Public
hospital, located at Madobi, Dutse Local
Government, Jigawa State. It was established on 1/1/2008, and operates on
24hrs basis. The Rasheed Shekoni Specialist Hospital is Licensed hospital by
the Nigeria Ministry of Health, with facility code 17/06/1/2/1/0003 and
registered as Secondary Health Care Centre. JCHEM. , CA, 12 Nurses/Midwives, 2
Environmentalist, 3 Combed, 5 Health Information Technicians, 4 Health
Information Officers, 6 pharmacist, 10 pharmacy technicians, 2 radiologist, 4
X-ray technicians, 3 physiotherapist, 6 laboratory scientist, 12 medical lab
technicians, 8 medical laboratory assistants, I dentist, 1 dental therapist 6
dental technicians, 3 environmental officer, 10 Medical Doctors, 103 Health
Attendants and 116 , accident and emergency, medical Laboratory, TB Dots,
Ophthalmology. Antenatal care, postnatal care, physiotherapy, auntie immunization,
ultra sound scanning. Gynecology, X-ray counseling and testing of HIV/AIDs,
outreach, family planning, RVD management and care PMTCT services, surgery,
nutrition and institution and imitational feeding, health information and
record keeping. Dental, environmental sanitation, social welfare, Laundry.
1.2 Statement of
the Problems
Malaria continues to be a major
public health problem in 97 countries and territories in the tropics and
subtropics. Globally, approximately 214 million cases of malaria occur annually
and 32 billion people are at risk of the infection the above stated problem in
mind therefore this research work is intended and proposed so as to find out
the rate at which the malaria cases is occurring is it going higher or lower?
Whatever in particular and those of Jigawa or Nigeria in general can have an
idea on the malaria infection and consequently take appropriate action to
tackle it.
1.3 Aim and
Objectives of the Study
The aim of this study is to analysis data on malaria
cases that report to Rasheed shekoni Teaching hospital Dutse from period of
2015 to 2022 the data taking monthly.
The objectives of
the study; are as follows
i.
To identify the pattern of malaria cases for
the period,
ii.
To identified if the heisseasonalityintheseries,
iii .To fit a linear model for yearly cases
from 2015 to 2022,
iv To forecast for 2023 and 2024
1.4 Scope and
Limitation of the Study
The research project is focus on reported malaria
cases for the period from 2015 to 2022 in the Rasheed Shekoni Teaching hospital
Dutse. And age group children under five years male and female.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The study of the impact of the
environment on the distribution of parasitic cases of malaria , in rasheed
shekoni teaching hospitalareas is highly significant for several reasons:
i.
Public Health Importance: Understanding
the environmental factors that influence the distribution of parasitic
infections is crucial for designing effective prevention and control
strategies. By identifying high-risk areas and targeting interventions
accordingly, public health authorities can reduce the burden of parasitic
infections and improve health outcomes.
ii.
Local Relevance: Dutse is a region heavily
affected by malaria fever, with a high prevalence and associated morbidity and
mortality rates. Investigating the specific environmental factors contributing
to malaria transmission in this region will provide locally relevant data to
guide targeted interventions and policies.
- The
research will also be of great significance in pointing out the causes,
solutions andprevention of malaria cases
In
this study, the following research hypothesis will be tested
H0:
There is significance be a relationship between gender, and the occurrence of
malaria infection attending Rasheed Shekoni Secialist Hospital Dutse.
H1:
There is no any relationship between gender, and the occurrence of malaria
infection for patients attending Rasheed Shekoni teaching hospital dutse.
The
hypothesis will be tested using appropriate statistical methods such as
chi-square test or logistic regression analysis.
1.7 Operational
Definition Term used
i. Statistical analysis is a component of data
analytic it involves collecting und scrutinizing every data sample in a set of items
from which samples can be drawn.
ii. Malaria: an
infectious disease caused by protozoan parasite from the plasmodium family that
can be transmitted by the bite of the ennobles mosquito or by a contaminated needy
transmission.
iii. Infection is
the invasion of an organisms body tissues by disease causing agents, their
multiplication and the reaction host tissues to the infection agents and the
toxins they produce.
iv. Children is a
young human being below the age the puberty.
v. Non-parametric
test: can be used shortcut replacement for more complication test.
Non-parametric statistics of making on assumption about the probability
distribution of the variance non-parametric model is the former has fixed the
number of parametric lettersgrowth the number parametric with the amount of
train.
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