ABSTRACT
The aim of this
research is to analyze the data on eye diseases in General Hospital Dutse,
Jigawa State from 2013-2022; To determine the trend of the three reported cases
of eye diseases;To fit the linear model of the three cases of eye diseases. The
research work has considered all the hospitals in jigawa state and all types of
eye diseases, but the research deliberately limit it to three eye diseases
(cataract, glaucoma and conjunctivitis from 2013 to 2022) and General Hospital
Dutse, Jigawa State as a case study, so as to make the research work feasible
at this level. The problems encountered in this research work include time
constraint, lack of finance and difficulty in releasing data by hospital etc.
In conclusion, the comparative analysis emphasized the importance of addressing
the growing burden of eye diseases in the community served by General Hospital
Dutse. The findings underscored the need for targeted interventions, awareness
campaigns, and improved access to eye care services. The study also highlighted
the importance of regular screenings and early detection in preventing the
progression of eye diseases. Based on the findings, several recommendations
emerge to mitigate the impact of eye diseases in General Hospital Dutse, Jigawa
State: Enhance Awareness Programs:
Implement community-based awareness programs to educate the population about
the importance of eye health, preventive measures, and early detection; Improve Access to Eye Care Services:
Invest in the expansion of eye care facilities, ensuring accessibility for all
residents. This includes establishing outreach programs in remote areas and
providing transportation for those in need.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
Title page - - - - - - - - - -i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - -ii
Certification- - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - -iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - -v
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 Introduction- - - - - - - - - - -1
1.1 Background of study - - - - - - - - -3
1.2 Statement of the problem - - - - - - -4
1.3 Aim and objectives - - - - - - - - -4
1.4 Significance of study - - - - - - - - -5
1.5 Scope and limitation - - - - - - - - -5
1.6 Research questions - - - - - - - - -5
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature review - - - - - - - - -7
2.1
Common Eye Diseases - - - - - - - - -
8
Symptoms and signs of cataracts - - - - - - - -10
2.3
Cataract - - - - - - - - - - -10
2.3.1
Causes of cataracts- - - - - - - - - -11
2.4 Conjunctivitis - - - - - - - - - -12
2.4.1 Causes of conjunctivitis - - - - - - -13
2.4.2
Conjunctivitis symptoms- - - - - - - - -13
2.5 Glaucoma - - - - - - - - - - -13
2.5.1 Causes of
glaucoma - - - - - - - -17
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Method of data collection and analysis - - - - - -19
3.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - -19
3.2 Method and instrument of data collection - - - - - - -19
3.3 Methods of data
analysis and statistical tools - - - - - - -19
3.4 Time series analysis. - - - - - - - - - -19
3.5 Least square method. - - - - - - - - - -20
3.6
Linear methods - - - - - - - - - - -20
3.7
Kruskal – Walis Test. - - - - - - - - - 20
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.1 Data presentation - - - - - - - - -24
4.2 Data Analysis - - - - - - - - - -27
4.3 Interpretation of result - - - - - - - - -28
4.4 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -30
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - - 32
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -33
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - -34
References
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Given that the increasing rates of persons who are
avoidably blind and visually handicapped are increasing. Avoidable
sightlessness and visible impairment have become a worldwide welfare problem
where things can go wrong in any of the eye structure, causing visible
impairment and sightlessness. Some of these worsening are due to old age and
lack of sufficient treatment, most eye disease shows no earlier effects, they
can be painless, also shows several alteration on the visuals till the diseases
has turn quietly in advanced. Though the unique advisable means to protect your
eye is by frequent advanced eye examination and checkups.
There are an estimated 285 million persons with
visible problem in the world, of whom 39 million cannot see with their eyes.
The primary causes of sightlessness are related-age macular processes,
glaucoma’s, corneal opacity, redness of the eye, cataract, nearsightedness,
diabetic retinopathy, trachoma, and vitamins A’s need. Given the worldwide
welfare value on visible conditions and sightlessness were accounted to be $3
trillion in 2010. The implicit pathophysiology of numerous glaring visual
diseases’ still is deficiently comprehended. Ascertaining the number of
patient’s that have higher chance for visual’s effects and blindness from
visible diseases is a problem. With numerous existed treatment’s suchlike
anti-angiogenic drugs, topical medications, surgical, and laser
photocoagulations, millions of patients with related-aged macular abjection,
glaucoma’s, and diabetic retinopathy that is continuously advance to visible
deficiency and sightlessness. The top five commonest causes of blindness
worldwide are cataract, trachoma, glaucoma, onchocerciasis and refractive
errors in that order ironically almost all of these causes are potentially
preventable and or easily treatable, but the bulk of the victims in Africa and
Asia are either too poor, ignorant or do not have eye-care available. As a
response to this global scourge, the World health organization in collaboration
with the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) in 1999
launched the global initiative “Vision 2020 Right to Sight” initiative for the
global fight against preventable blindness in the world 2. In this program
governments, non-governmental organizations, philanthropic individuals etc, are
encouraged to contribute to the global fight against visual impairment and
blindness in the world with a view to eliminate avoidable blindness by the year
2020.
1.1
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF DUTSE GENERAL HOSPITAL
The Hospital was established in 1972 as Dutse
comprehensive health center (CHC) by old Kano state Government. The CHC was
upgrade on 8, August 1985, to general Hospital and commissioned by the then
military governor of Kano state, Air Commodore Hamza Abdullahi Fss/Psc.
Dutse General Hospital covers an area of 500m x 800m
and currently 200 bed capacity with secondary health facility serving as a
federal center for all PHCs in Kiyawa Local government areas. It also provides
for other neighboring settlement in Kano and Bauchi State; thus the hospital
centers for health care access of some 58,581 total catchment population consisting of 2,239 under 1 year children,
11,716 children less than 5 years, 2,929 pregnant women and 12,888 women of
child bearing age.
Human Resources for Health (HRH) of the general
hospital is made of up 76 nurses, 5 JCHEW, 23 CHEW, 11 CA, 5 Midwives, 3 Conbew
, 5 Health information Technicians, 4 Health Information Officers, 10 Medical
Doctors,103 Health Attendant and 93
casual staff including NYSC.
The facility offers services in the following areas:-
General out-patients care, Accident and Emergency, Medical Laboratory, TB DOTS,
Pathology, antenatal care, post natal care, Physiotherapy, Routine
Immunization, Ultra sound scanning, X-ray counseling and Testing of HIV/AIDS,
Outreach Family Planning, RVD management and care. PMTCT services, surgery,
Nutrition and Institutional, Social Welfare, Laundry, Accounting and General
Administration Registry.
1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Visual impairment and blindness is a global problem.
By the year 2000 the World Health Organization estimated that about 180 million
people worldwide are visually impaired while 50million have profound visual
loss or are blind, while an average of 6million people get blind each year.
Over 90% of these blinds worldwide lives are in sub Saharan Africa, Asia and
especially among the persons in the rural communities.
The provision of good health based on eye disease has
been the problem faced by the people that have sight problem in General
Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State . This results in the question such as:
What is the particular age and gender that is mostly
at risk in relation to the three different eye diseases?
What are the most preventive measures, to control
these three eye diseases?
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Aim
The aim of this research is to analyze the data on eye
diseases in General Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State from 2013-2022.
Objectives
1-To determine the trend of the three reported cases
of eye diseases.
2-To fit the linear model of the three cases of eye diseases.
3-Forecast the incidence from 2023 and 2024.
4. To test
wither there is significant deferent in the victims of three eye diseases
1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study provides a detailed account of eye disease
cases and possible factors such as the type of eye diseases, gender, age and
location of patient which may influence the condition of eye treatment. Anyone
who comes in contact with this work will ascertain the problems of eye
diseases, there spread or occurrences of eye diseases in General Hospital
Dutse, Jigawa State over the period under review. This project will show the
possible way to control and prevent the selected eye diseases. It is not a
wasteful effort to embark upon a project of this sort. This research work will
go a long way in helping not only the hospital management but also the whole
society at large in reducing the effort of the three eye diseases in the
society.
1.5 SCOPE AND LIMITATION OF THE STUDY
The research work is supposed to have considered all
the hospitals in jigawa state and all types of eye diseases, but the research
deliberately limit it to three eye diseases (cataract, glaucoma and
conjunctivitis from 2013 to 2022) and General Hospital Dutse, Jigawa State as a
case study, so as to make the research work feasible at this level. The
problems encountered in this research work include time constraint, lack of
finance and difficulty in releasing data by hospital etc.
1.6.
RESEARCH HYPOTHESIS
1.6.1
Null hypothesis
Ho1: µ1 = µ2 = µ3
There is no significant difference in the mean effect
of the predictor variables (type of eye disease, age of patient, gender and
location) on the response variable (treatment condition).
1.6.2
Alternative hypothesis
Ho1: µ1 ≠ µ2 ≠ µ3
There is significant difference in the mean effect of
the predictor variables (type of eye disease, age of patient, gender and
location) on the response variable (treatment condition).
Decision
Rule
If p-value is less than the level of significance α=
0.05, we reject Ho and conclude H1. Otherwise, we accept Ho.
1.7 DEFINITION OF
TERMINOLOGIES
Eye:
Are
the organs of which notice light and change it to electrical signals that is
channel to the brainpower.
Eyelids: The outermost structures
that protect the eyeball and fill the visual layer.
Cornea: The transparent frontal "pane" of the eye that
serves as the primary refractive layer.
Sclera: The thickened outermost surface of the eye, commonly white and
cloudy.
Limbus: The union between the cornea and albuginea.
Iris: The color portion of the
eye that screens out light.
Anterior
chamber: The
area that lies between the cornea anteriorly and the iris posteriorly.
Pupil: The cyclic entry in the center of the iris that amends the
quantity of light passing through the eye.
Ciliary: Embody the system that
produces aqueous humor.
Posterior
chamber: The
tiny area filled with aqueous humor behind the iris and in front of the
anterior lenses capsule.
Vitreous
cavity: The
relatively bigger area behind the lenses that extends to the retina.
Optic disc: The part of the optic visual within the eye.
Retina: The neuronal tissue
coating the vitreous hollow posteriorly.
Macula: The region of the retina at the back pole of the eye
accountable for right, center vision.
Disease:
A
treatment procedure related with unique symptoms and signs caused by foreign
factors.
Morbidity:
The
occurrence and frequency of diseases in a sample.
Conjunctiva: The small, vascular
secretion membrane concealing the innermost feature of the eyelids.
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