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ABSTRACT
The paper critically analyses effects of physicochemical parameters and heavy metals on the distribution and abundance of planktons in kafin gana dam, jigawa state, nigeria people are beginning to be
conscious of the fact that to be happy and cheerful in one’s work place, some
conditions must be present even with little pay. For example, notwithstanding
whatever is provided for a secretary for her job, if she is not equipped, all
that is provided comes to naught. The major objectives of the paper are: to
determine the extent to which the environment factors such as noise,
ventilation, lack of enough space in the office and equipment can hinder the
performance of office manager in an organization, To find out and ascertain the
effect of environment condition to the working office manager in an
organization, to encourage the organization to acquire more office automation
for effectives efficiency of office manager and to provide organization with
mores ideas for a conducive environment for the workers.Concerning methodology,
both secondary and primary sources of data was used for the study. A survey
research design coupled with a multi-stage sampling technique was used with a
sample size of 10 secretaries’ Jigawa state Ministry of education. Data was
analyzed and represented in frequency tables and percentages. Key findings from
the study showed that the responses said noise of the machines and colleagues distract
the attentions of the secretaries in the offices. Most secretaries said that
they do not have enough toilet facilities, good first aid box and likewise
their offices were not being clean regularly. Recommendations for the study
include; enough toilet facilities should be constructed so as to assist the
workers if they want to ease themselves from entering into bushes, which can
cause serious problems to the workers’ health.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page -
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Approval Page -
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Declaration -
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Dedication -
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Acknowledgement - -
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Abstract -
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Table of
Contents - -
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CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study - -
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1.2 Statement of General Problem -
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1.3 Objective of the Study -
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1.4 Research Questions -
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1.5 Limitations -
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1.6 Delimitation -
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1.7 Significance of the study -
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1.8 Historical background of the case
study - -
1.9 Definition of terms -
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CHAPTER TWO – REVIEW OF RELATED
LITERATURE
2.1 Introduction -
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2.2 WHAT IS ENVIRONMENT -
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2.3 WHO IS AN OFFICE MANAGER -
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2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS -
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2.5 EMPIRICAL
REVIEW - -
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CHAPTER THREE –
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction -
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3.2 POPULATION- -
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3.3 SAMPLE SIZE- -
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3.4
SAMPLE AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
3.5 DATA COLLECTION INSTRUMENT- -
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3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS- -
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CHAPTER
FOUR
DATA
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.0 Introduction -
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4.1 Data Presentation and Analysis -
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4.2 Characteristics of the Respondents -
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4.3 Data Analysis -
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4.4 Testing Hypothesis -
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4.5 Summary of Findings -
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4.6 Discussion of Findings -
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CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction -
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5.1 Summary
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5.2 Conclusion -
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5.3 Recommendations -
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References - -
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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
of the Study
Water
is the most crucial assets and general solvent that all living creatures depend
on for their existence, growth and reproduction (Umar and Abbati, 2021). Good
water quality is requisite in conserving the composition of aquatic flora and
fauna, deterioration of the water quality can cause turn down in productivity
and biodiversity of aquatic biota (Faithful and Finalayson, 2015, Umar and
Abbati, 2021). It is estimated that 1.8 billion people (28% of the world’s
population) use unsafe water in 2010 and that additional 1.2 billion (18% of
the world’s population) use water from water sources with significant sanitary
risks (Friedlander et al., 2015;
Sila, 2019, Hassan and Ibrahim, 2021).
Water
quality is important in the distribution, occurrence and varieties of aquatic
organisms. A short exposure of planktons to poor water quality causes
alteration in the community structure, due to the elimination of the species
that are intolerant to stress and proliferation or extreme stress-tolerant
species would lead to their mortality (Aja, 1991; Nwagba et al., 2022). Pollution of water occurred when there is alteration
in the physical, chemical or biological condition in the ecosystem which
disastrously affects the treasure of human life together with other fauna and
flora (Ojitiku et al., 2018, Umar and
Abbati, 2021).
The
Physicochemical parameters of a water body are used to evaluate its quality as
they provide information on the state of the ecosystem. When the
rate of contamination
of a river or
stream is higher
than its rate
of recovery, its chemical,
physical and biological
properties gradually change
until it gets
to a point
where it cannot sustain desirable
biota or be useful for any purpose (Lucy et
al.; 2020)
The physiochemical
characteristics of water may directly/indirectly influence its quality and
consequently its suitability for production of fish species and other aquatic
organisms. Increasing urbanization/industrialization has increased pressure on
the ecological level of the ecosystems leading to minimal benefits (Nwagba et.
al.; 2022). Changes in the physicochemical parameters tend to change the living
conditions, especially in the number, diversity and distribution of the biota
of that ecosystem. Fluctuation in physicochemical factors could adversely
affect the organisms, limiting their production and interfering with the
physiological processes which reduce their ability to compete with other
populations within the environment (Suleiman et al., 2021). The Physico-chemical factors of the water body that
are considered as most important factors in the aquatic environment particularly for fresh water are Temperature,
PH, Turbidity, Dissolved oxygen.
1.2 Statement
of the Problem
The
distribution and abundance of planktons are influenced by various
physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals. However, the specific assessment
of these parameters in relation to the distribution of plankton, and these
hinders understanding of the factors that control the distribution and
abundance of planktons, which are critical in maintaining healthy aquatic
ecosystems.
Therefore,
there is a need for a comprehensive assessment of the physico-chemical
parameters and heavy metals and their impact on the distribution and abundance
of planktons to enhance understanding of these important organisms and their
ecological significance.
1.3 Significance of the
Study
Planktons
are crucial components of aquatic ecosystems and play a vital role in nutrient
cycling and primary production. By assessing the physico-chemical parameters
and heavy metals associated with their distribution and abundance, the research
will provide insights into the overall health and condition of the ecosystem
which can also be used for environmental monitoring and management to ensure
the sustainability of the dam.
1.4 Justification of the Study
Water quality is
of great importance to the public although the quality of water varies from one
body of water to another.
The study of
planktons has been very extensive in large rivers and lakes in Nigeria (Ekwu
and Sokoki, 2005, Ibrahim et al.,
2021). Less attention has been given to smaller water bodies which are
scattered all over the country and contain a significant proportion of the
nation’s aquatic biodiversity (Lamai and Kolo, 2003, Ibrahim et al., 2021). Changes may have happened
over a period of time in Kafin Gana Dam because of how the neighbouring
communities use the lake for agriculture, recreation, livestock and human
consumption. These activities may affect the physico-chemical parameters and
plankton abundance and distribution as well as the quality of the water which
necessitate this study in order to create awareness about the current
(Existing) situation of the dam to save people health and improve agricultural
practice.
In view of the
foregoing this research seeks to assess the phytoplankton and zooplankton
species abundance and distributions in relation to physico-chemical parameters
and heavy metals in Kafin Gana Dam, Jigawa State.
1.5 Aim
and Objectives
1.5.1 Aim
of the study
The
aim of this study is to assess the effects of physico-chemical parameters and
heavy metals on the distribution and abundance of planktons in Kafin Gana Dam,
with the view of assessing the state of natural environment and level of
pollution in Jigawa State.
1.5.2 Objectives of the study
The
specific objectives of this study are to determine:
i.
The Physico-chemical parameters of water
in Kafin Gana dam
ii.
The concentration of heavy metals (Cu, Zn,
Mn and Pb) in water from Kafin Gana dam.
iii.
The distribution and abundance of
planktons in Kafin Gana dam
iv.
The Spatio-temporal variation in the
distribution and abundance of planktons in Kafin Gana dam.
v.
The relationship between the
physico-chemical parameters, heavy metals and plankton distribution and
abundance in Kafin Gana Dam.
1.6 Research Questions
Ø What
are the Physico-chemical parameters of water in Kafin Gana Dam?
Ø What
are the concentration of Cu, Zn, Mn and Pb in water in Kafin Gana dam?
Ø What
is the nature of plankton distribution and abundance in Kafin Gana dam?
Ø How
do physico-chemical parameters influence the distribution and abundance of
planktons in Kafin Gana dam?
Ø What
are the effect of physico-chemical parameters on the distribution and abundance
of planktons in water from Kafin Gana dam?
1.7 HYPOTHESIS
Ø There
is no significance in the physico-chemical parameters of water in Kafin Gana
dam.
Ø There
is no heavy metals concentration in water from Kafin Gana dam.
Ø There
is no significance difference in the distribution and abundance of planktons in
the dam.
Ø There
is no significance difference in the effect of physico-chemical parameters on
the distribution and abundance of planktons
1.8 Scope and Delimitation of the Study
The
research will deliminated to assessing the effects of physico-chemical
parameters and heavy metals on the distribution and abundance of zooplankton
and phytoplankton in Kafin Gana Dam, Jigawa State and data collection covered
the period of March to August, 2024.
1.9 The Study Area
1.9.1 Historical background of the study area
Birnin
Kudu is a town and local government Area in the south of Jigawa State, Nigeria.
It is an old historic city renowned for its rocks and drawings found in some of
them dating to centuries before the colonization of Northern Nigeria and
establishment of native authority (NA). As of 2006, the town of Birnin kudu had
an estimated population of 419,800 and is the most populous local government in
the state, though the city experiences slow infrastural development. It is also
a city where Gwaram and Buji local governments where separated from in 1996.
Birnin Kudu Local
Government Area (LGA) is where the study area was located. The LGA is situated
between Latitudes 11º 20′N to 11º39′ north of the equator and Longitudes 09º
10′E to 09º 40′ east of the Greenwich meridian. It covers area of about 2,073
square Kilometers. Kafin Gana Reservoir is located at Kafin
Gana town Birnin kudu Local Government Area of Jigawa State and the dam was
established primarily for irrigation purposes (Murtala and Yazid 2019).
1.9.2 Location of the study area
Kafin
Gana Reservoir is located at Kafin Gana town Birnin kudu Local Government Area
of Jigawa State. Kafin Gana is located between Birnin Kudu and Dutse local
government at latitude 110 300N and 90 210E.
It is in Sudan savannah as ecological zone of Nigeria. The dam was established
primarily for irrigation purposes. It has a surface area of 121ha while fishing
and irrigation are the only secondary activities.
1.9.3
Extent of the study area
It has a surface area of 121ha
while fishing and irrigation are the only secondary activities. The main elevation of the plain surface of the area is
between 400 - 420m above mean sea level.
1.9.4 Environmental features of the study area
The total annual rainfall received ranges between 500-600mm in the
region (Olofin, 2008). The area is characterized by a long dry season which
lasts on average of 8 months from October to April or May. The mean monthly
temperature in the area ranges between 30°C and 35°C. The wet season mean
annual temperature is about 25°C and diurnal range of about 10°C to 13°C.
Figure
2: Map of the Study Area
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