ABSTRACT
This study presents a comprehensive statistical analysis of hypertensive pregnant women attending the antenatal clinic (ANC) at Kiyawa Primary Health Centre over a period of 10 years. The objective of this analysis was to investigate the prevalence, trends, risk factors, maternal and fetal outcomes, and management strategies related to hypertension in pregnancy. Temporal trends indicated fluctuations in the prevalence of hypertension, with certain years experiencing higher rates than others. Risk factor analysis identified advanced maternal age, obesity, family history of hypertension, and inadequate prenatal care as significant factors associated with the development and progression of hypertension during pregnancy. The least squares method is a statistical technique used to find the best-fitting line or curve that minimises the sum of the squared differences between observed and predicted values. Maternal and fetal outcomes were found to be significantly affected by hypertension in pregnancy. Complications such as preeclampsia, eclampsia, preterm birth, low birth weight, and perinatal mortality were observed among hypertensive pregnant women attending ANC. The findings emphasize the importance of early detection, proper management, and targeted interventions to reduce maternal and fetal complications associated with hypertension. The analysis evaluated various treatment and management strategies for hypertensive pregnant women attending ANC. Findings indicated the effectiveness of antihypertensive medications, lifestyle modifications, and monitoring protocols in improving maternal and neonatal health outcomes. Long-term follow-up studies were suggested to assess the impact of hypertension during pregnancy on the long-term health of both the mother and the child. This would provide insights into potential long-term consequences and guide the development of interventions for high-risk individuals.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………….i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv
ABSTRACT v
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Background to the Study 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 1
1.3 Purpose of Study 2
1.4 Aim and Objectives 2
1.7 Missing Link/Data 3
1.8 Research Hypothesis and Testing 3
1.10 Chapterisation 4
1.11 Definition of Key Terms 4
CHAPTER TWO
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK AND LITERATURE REVIEW 5
2.1 Conceptual Framework of Hypertension and its Relation with Pregnancy 6
2.1.1 Overview of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy 7
2.1.2 Prevalence and Risk Factors Associated with Hypertensive Disorders 7
2.1.4 Causes of Hypertension in Pregnancy 8
2.1.5 Relationship between Hypertensive Disorders and Pregnancy 9
2.1.6 Risk Factors for Hypertension in Pregnancy 10
2.1.7 Potential Consequences for the Mother 10
2.1.8 Potential Consequences for the Fetus 10
2.1.9 Classifications of Hpertension 10
2.2 Hypertensive Cases among Pregnant Women a Comprehensive Literature Review 11
2.2.1 Reviews of Related Studies 11
2.2.2 Research Gap 13
2.2.3 Empirical Literature review 13
CHAPTER THREE
PROJECT METHODOLOGYAND DESIGN 14
3.0 Introduction 14
3.1 Historical Background of Study Area 15
3.1.1 Population 16
3.1.2 Demographic Characteristics of the Study Population 16
3.1.3 Services Rendered in the Hospital 16
3.2 Research Design 16
3.3 Research Instrument 17
3.3.1 Validity of the Instrument 17
3.4 Sampling Method 17
3.5 Procedure for Data Collection 18
3.5.1 Ethical Consideration 18
3.5.2 Prevalence of Hypertensive Disorders among Pregnant Women 19
3.6 Method of Data Analysis 20
3.7 Research Method 20
3.7.1 Least Squares Method 20
3.7.2 Hypothesis Testing and Interpretation of Results 21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Introduction 21
4.2 Key Findings 24
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION, SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION
5.0 Introduction 25
5.1 Summary 25
5.2 Conclusion 26
5.3 Policy Recommendation 29
5.3.1 Recommendations for Kiyawa Primary Health Centre (PHC) 30
5.3.2 Recommendations for State Government 31
5.3.3 Recommendations for NGO’s 31
5.3.4 NHS (National Health Service) 32
5.3.5 Recommendations for Pregnant Women 32
5.4 Directions for Future Research 32
REFERNCES 34
CHAPTER ONE
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Hypertension, commonly known as high blood pressure, is a significant health concern among pregnant women worldwide (Welch GW, 2017). This condition poses serious risks to both the mother and the fetus, including preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal growth restriction (Welch GW, 2017). Understanding the prevalence and factors associated with hypertensive cases among pregnant women is crucial in developing effective preventive measures and appropriate medical interventions. In this study, we will present a statistical analysis of hypertensive cases among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre, focusing on the background, significance, purpose, and objectives of the study.
Hypertension in pregnancy is a significant cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The prevalence of hypertension in pregnancy has been increasing over the past few decades. It is estimated that up to 10% of pregnant women develop hypertension during pregnancy. Pre-eclampsia, a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is a major cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study is to investigate the risk factors, clinical characteristics and outcomes of pregnant women with hypertension.
Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy are a major concern due to their detrimental effects on maternal and fetal health (International Hypertension Report, 2019). The complications associated with these disorders often lead to adverse outcomes such as preterm birth and maternal mortality (International Hypertension Report, 2019). In Nigeria, hypertensive disorders are the second leading cause of maternal mortality (WHO, 2021). Therefore, it is crucial to investigate the prevalence and factors associated with hypertensive cases among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre to improve maternal and infant health outcomes in the region.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Hypertension in pregnancy is a major public health concern, as it is associated with a range of adverse maternal and fetal outcomes, including preeclampsia, eclampsia, and preterm birth (Shehab D, 2017). There are a number of risk factors for hypertension in pregnancy, including obesity, diabetes, and chronic hypertension Goldstein and Scheen (2023). The pathophysiology of hypertension in pregnancy is complex and not fully understood, but it is thought to involve a combination of genetic, environmental, and hormonal factors Arabi A, (2019).
Hypertensive disorders during pregnancy continue to be a major public health issue globally. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), approximately 10% of all pregnancies worldwide are complicated by hypertensive disorders. These disorders are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality Arabi A, (2019). Therefore, it is imperative to conduct a thorough analysis of hypertensive cases among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre to understand the local prevalence and associated factors. The problem addressed in this statistical analysis is the high prevalence of hypertensive disorders among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre. The research problem addressed in this study is the high prevalence of hypertensive disorders among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre.
1.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose of this study is to conduct a statistical analysis of hypertensive cases among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre. By identifying the prevalence and associated factors, this study aims to improve the understanding of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and guide the development of appropriate interventions. The findings from this analysis will provide valuable insights for healthcare providers, policymakers, and researchers involved in maternal and child health.
1.4 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this study is to determine the statistical analysis of hypertension among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Care, Jigawa State.
The specific objectives of the study are as follows:
i. To identify the statistical of hypertension during pregnancy.
ii. To analysis the level effect of hypertension to pregnant women.
iii. To analysis the level of acceptability among the pregnant women.
1.5 Significance of the Research Work
This study is significant in several ways. First, it provides insight into the physical characteristics of hypertensive disorders among pregnant women Nigerian hospitals. Second, the study may inform the development of targeted interventions to prevent and manage high blood pressure among pregnant women in Jigawa. Finally, the study contributes to the existing literature on hypertensive disorders in pregnancy and may serve as a basis for future research on the disease in Jigawa.
1.6 Research Questions
To achieve the objectives of this study, the following research questions will be addressed:
i. What is the prevalence of hypertensive cases among pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre?
ii. What socio demographic factors are associated with hypertensive disorders in pregnancy?
iii. What is the relationship between hypertensive disorders and maternal and fetal outcomes?
iv. How do pregnant women with hypertensive disorders utilise healthcare services?
1.7 Missing Link/Data
Data to show the relationship between high blood pressure and pregnancy is scarce in the Jigawa State Primary health care hospitals more especially in Kiyawa Local Government where the study took place.
1.8 Research Hypothesis and Testing
In this study, the following research hypothesis will be tested
H0: There is no significant association between socio demographic factors and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy among women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre.
H1: There is a significant association between socio demographic factors and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy among women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre.
The hypothesis will be tested using appropriate statistical methods such as chi-square test or logistic regression analysis.
1.9 Scope and Limitations of the Study
This statistical analysis will focus specifically on pregnant women attending Kiyawa Primary Health Centre. The study will include a retrospective analysis of medical records to collect relevant data. However, the analysis may be limited by the availability and completeness of medical records. Additionally, the study design does not allow for causal inferences, as it is based on observational data. An important limitation to the study was finance and limited time frame. Many publications were major limitations. However, in spite of all these Limitations efforts were made to ensure the quality of this research in the use of sources such as Academic Journals, Newspapers, Blogs, Posters and other materials.
1.10 Chapterisation
This research project contains five chapters. Chapter one which is the introductory part contains the background to the study, statement of the problems, research questions, aims and objectives of the study, research questions, missing data, hypothesis and testing and significance of the study, scope and limitation, definition of key terms and chapter outline. Chapter two contains literature review, conceptual framework and review of some previous works. Chapter three contains methodology, background to the case study that is Kiyawa Local Government and Research design, Method of data collection and analysis. Chapter four contains Data analysis and interpretation. While, the last chapter summary, conclusion and recommendation.
1.11 Definition of Key Terms
For the purpose of this study, the following key terms are defined:
1. Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: A group of conditions characterised by high blood pressure during pregnancy, including gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, and eclampsia.
2. Prevalence: The proportion of individuals in a population who have a particular condition at a given point in time.
3. Socio demographic factors: Characteristics related to both social and demographic aspects of individuals, such as age, education, income, and marital status.
4. Maternal and fetal outcomes: The health outcomes of both the pregnant woman and the fetus, including preterm birth, low birth weight, and maternal mortality.
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