ABSTRACT
This study will was conducted to
determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus among pregnant women attending
Primary Health Care (PHC) Maigatari. During this research, One hundred (100)
samples was collected and analyzed. The data were interpreted in the table. And
the result shows that Majority of the pregnant women between the ages of 14-25yrs
living in a rural area are mostly affected by hepatitis B virus infection. It
was finally recommend that government should improve the Health care sector
with adequate facilities and well-trained personnel in order to tackle the
growing cases of hepatitis B Virus among Pregnant women.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………………………………………………….i
Declaration……………………………………………………………………..ii
Certification……………………………………………………………………iii
Approval
Page………………………………………………………………….iv
Dedication………………………………………………………………………v
Acknowledgment……………………………………………………………....vi
Abstract………………………………………………………………………..vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction……………………………………………………………...1
1.1 Background of the Study………………………………………………...1
1.2 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………...2-3
1.3 Justification of the
Research…………………………………………..…3
1.4 Aim and Objectives……………………………………………………...3
1.5 Scope and Delimitation………………………………………………….4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review……………………………………………………...5-6
2.1 Epidemiology……………………………………………………..........6-7
2.2 Mode of Transmission…………………………………………………...7
2.3 HBV Morphology……………………………………………………....7-8
2.4 HBV Markers…………………………………………………………...8-9
2.5 Pathogenesis…………………………………………………………...9-10
2.6 Diagnosis……………………………………………………………..10-11
2.7 Prevention……………………………………………………………......11
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Method………………………………………………….....12
3.1 Study Area……………………………………………………………......12
3.2 Sample Size………………………………………………………………13
3.4 Method of Data Collection…………………………………………….....13
3.5 Data Analysis………………………………………………………….....13
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion…………………………………………………....14
4.1 Result……………………………………………………………….....14-15
4.2 Discussion………………………………………………………………..16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and
Recommendation………………………………………..17
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………..17
5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………17
References…………………………………………………………….18-19
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Hepatitis
B is an infection inflammatory illness of the liver caused by the hepatitis B
virus (HBV) of the family Hepatdnaviridea and genus orthohepadnaviruse that
effect hominioda, including human, originally known as “Serum hepatitis”
(Berker et. al 2018).
Viral
hepatitis is mostly caused by five viruses called hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E.
However, hepatitis B and C viruses are of most major concern because of their
insidiousness at the early stage of infection and the eventual detection of the
disease at a very late stage (World Health Organization, 2016).
Hepatitis
B virus (HBV) is transmitted by exposure to body fluids through a myriad of
ways. Potentially, HBV is transmitted longitudinally from mother to child
during child birth or between family members within households by contact of
non- intact skin or mucous membrane with secreting or saliva containing HBV.
Additionally, HBV can be transmitted through unsafe sexual intercourse;
transfusion of HBV infected blood and blood products; contaminated medical
equipment and sharing of contaminated syringes and needles among injecting drug
users (Petersen et al., 1976). Moreover, health workers are at high risk
of HBV infection when they accidentally sustain needle stick injuries when
treating HBV infected patients (World Health Organization, 2016).
The
viruses spread to the blood where viral protein and anti-bodies against them
are found on infected people (Zuckerman, 2006). The hepatitis B virus is 50-100
times more infectious than HIV (Locarnini, 2006).
There
are estimated 500 million people infected with hepatitis B viruses (HBV)
worldwide. While prevalence varies widely. It is high especially in Taiwan and
other Asian countries. HBV has been associated with hepato-cellular cinoma. The
second most common cancer, cirrnosis and chronic hepatitis. The seventh leading
cause of death. Based on the result of randomized blind controlled trial
demonstrating the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccine in preventing perinatal
(HBV) infection (Locarnini, 2004).
Hepatitis
B viruses are found in sub-saharan Africa, Kalahari Desert areas. South-east
Asia, China pacific Island and amazon basin. Most people become infected at
birth or during child blood or by sexual contact and up to 20% become chronic
carriers particularly those infected between 1-5 years worldwide, they are
estimated to be 450 million chronic carriers of HBV. Hepatitis B has an
incubation period of 2.6 month (Monica, 2006).
1.2 Statement of the Problem
Today,
the world is experiencing a silent epidemic due to viral hepatitis (World
Health Organization, 2012). Furthermore, millions of people are living with
viral hepatitis and millions more are at risk. Viral hepatitis, also, places a
heavy burden on health care system because of the costs of treatment of liver
failure and chronic liver disease.
Reliable
data is required by health care-planners on regular basis in planning and
improving relevant interventions. Data on viral hepatitis in Nigeria is inadequate
(Kye-Duodu, 2011). Also, obtaining country specific data on hepatitis B, which
is estimated to have the highest global diseases burden (2 billion) and the
highest mortality rate (five to seven hundred thousand deaths per year) among
all the hepatotronic viruses will be more convincing to policy-making health
officials.
Estimates
obtained from population-based surveys are usually considered as more precise
reflection of population parameters because they rely on probability sampling
methods. However, they are expensive, tedious and they are sometimes confronted
with major ethical challenges.
1.3 Justification of the Research
Hepatitis
B viruses is one of the diseases that infect human particularly infant and
those at lower age. Without intervention, a mother who is positive for HBsAg
confers 20% risk of passing the infection to her offspring at the time of birth
and this risk is as high as 90% if the mother is also positive for HBsAg. The
proposal is designed to survey the prevalence of HBV infection whose status
need be defined and limited to pregnant women attending Primary Health Center
[P H C] maigatari. Therefore, this information is of necessary in any attempt
to find out or evaluate the possible effect of HBV among pregnant women with in
the study area.
1.4 Aim and Objective
1.4.1 Aim
The
aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus
infection among pregnant women attention Primary Health Center (PHC) hospital Maigatari
Jigawa State.
1.4.2 Objectives
v To
determine the level of infection among pregnant women based on age group and
location.
v To
determine the infection or the percentage population of the diseases.
v To
determine the risk factors associated with hepatitis B virus.
1.5 Scope and Delimitation
The
result is covered a period of approximately four month and limited to only
pregnant women attending Primary Health Care( PHC) Maigatari.
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