ABSTRACT
A study was carried out to evaluate the response of broiler chickens fed diets containing differently processed bambara groundnut offal in a completely randomized design that lasted for 56 days. 150 day old chicks of Abor acre strain were randomly allocated to five diets designated T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. T1 with 0% bambara was the control while the others had 10% each of toasted, raw, boiled/sundried, raw/enzyme respectively. Conventional protein sources for feeding poultry are scarce, expensive and competed for by man and animals. The starter phase results showed that birds fed T5 diet had significantly highest final live weight gain (p<0.05) of 902.65g compared with other treatment groups. Protein efficiency ratio values did not differ (p>0.05) among the treatment groups. At the finisher phase, there were significant differences (p<0.05) in all the parameters. Birds fed diet 2 and 3 (T2 and T3) had the best feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio. Significant difference was observed in T2 but the differences in the back cut for T1, T2 and T5 were similar (p>0.05). Organ proportions did not show statistical differences (p>0.05) except the spleen with similar values in T1 and T2 . All the haematological parameters at finisher phase showed significant differences (p<0.05) except the red blood cells. Lipid profile during finisher phase differed significantly (p<0.05) in total cholesterol with the highest values of 103.49mg/dl in T4 and high density lipoprotein value of 66.55mg/dl in T5 birds. There were significant differences (p<0.05) in all the cost/benefit parameters except cost/kg feed formulated at starter and finisher phases. It was concluded that toasted, boiled and sundried, and raw with kenzyme supplemented bambara groundnt offal diet (T2,T4 and T5) performed best and can help reduce feed cost.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables x
List of Plates xii
Abstract xiii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.0
Background of the Study 1
1.1 Statement of the Problem 1
1.2 Objectives of the Study 2
1.3 Justification
2
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General Overview on Poultry 3
2.2 Taxonomy of Chicken 3
2.3
History and
Domestication of Chicken 3
2.4
Nutritional Requirements of Poultry 4
2.4.1 Energy requirements and feed intake 4
2.4.2 Amino acid requirements 5
2.4.3 Vitamins 5
2.4.4 Minerals 6
2.4.5 Water
6
2.4.6 Water colour, odour and taste 7
2.4.7 Probiotics, antibiotics, antioxidants
and enzymes 7
2.5
Factors Affecting the Nutrient Requirements of Poultry 8
2.6 Overview of Bambara Groundnut 9
2.7 Origin and Distribution of
Bambara Groundnut 10
2.8
Nomenclature 10
2.9 Climatic Requirements 11
2.9.1 Soil
requirements 11
2.9.2 Bambara groundnut and climate change 12
2.10 Importance of
Bambara Groundnut 12
2.10.1
Nutritional value of bambara groundnut 12
2.10.2 Agronomic
importance of bambara groundnut 17
2.10.3
Medicinal
importance of bambara groundnut 17
2.10.4 Economic importance of bambara groundnut 17
2.11 Processing, Consumption and Utilisation of Bambara Groundnut Seeds 18
2.12 Bambara Groundnut as Poultry Feed 20
2.13 Antinutritional
Factors in Bambara Nut 20
2.13.1
Protease inhibitors 21
2.13.2
Tannins 21
2.13.3 Oxalates 21
2.13.4 Phytate
22
2.13.5 Lectins
(haemagluttinins) 22
2.14
Processing Methods for Overcoming Antinutritional Effects in Bambara 23 2.15 Enzymes 23
2.15.1
Enzymes in broiler diets
24
2.16 Benefits of Enzymes in Poultry Feeds 26
2.17 Mode(s) of Action of Enzymes 27
2.18 Haematology 27
2.19 Haematological Components and Parameters 28
2.20 Factors Influencing Haematological Parameters
of Farm Animals 30
2.21 Lipid
Profile 33
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Experimental Location 35
3.2 Experimental Design 35
3. 3
Procurement of Test Ingredient 35
3.4 Processing of the Test Ingredient 36
3.5 Procurement of Other Feedstuffs 38
3 .6 Experimental Diets 38
3.7 Experimental Birds and Management 41
3.8 Procurement of Birds 41
3.9 Brooding 41
3.10 Rearing 41
3.11 Vaccination and Medication of Birds 42
3.12 Data Collection 42
3 .12.1 Growth performance 42
3.12.2 Carcass traits 43
3.12.3 Haematological indices 43
3.13 Lipid Profile 45
3.14 Feed Cost/Benefits 46
3.15 Statistical Analyses
46
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Proximate Composition 47
4.2 Growth Performance 53
4.3 Carcass/Cut Parts 59
4.4 Internal Organ Proportions 61
4.5 Haematological Indices 63
4.6 Lipid Profile 69
4.7 Feed Cost/Benefits 71
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.0
Conclusion 75
5.1
Recommendations 75
References
LIST
OF TABLES
2.1 Proximate composition of raw bambara
groundnut seed 14
2.2 Amino
acid composition of bambara groundnut seeds 15
2.3
Fatty acid composition in bambara groundnut 16
2.4
Commercial feed enzymes and their target substrates 25
3.1 Ingredient composition of diets
containing differently processed bambara
groundnut offal fed to broiler starter birds 39
3:2 Ingredient composition of diets
containing differently processed bambara
Groundnut offal fed to broiler finisher birds 40
4.1
The proximate composition of raw, toasted, boiled and sundried bambara
groundnut offal 48
4.2
Proximate composition of broiler starter
diets containing differently processed
bambara groundnut offal 50
4.3
Proximate composition of finisher broilers fed diets containing
differently
processed bambara groundnut offal 52
4.4
Growth performance of starter broilers fed diets containing differently
processed
bambara groundnut offal 55
4.5 Growth performance of finisher
broilers fed diets containing differently processed
bambara groundnut offal 58
4.6
Carcass characteristics of finisher broilers fed diets containing differently
processed
bambara groundnut offal 60
4.7 Organ characteristics of finisher broilers
fed diets containing differently
processed
bambara groundnut offal 62
4.8 Haematological indices of starter
broilers fed diets containing differently
processed bambara groundnut
offal 65
4.9 Haematological indices of finisher
broilers fed diets containing differently
Processed bambara groundnut offal 68
4.10 Lipid profile of finisher broilers fed diets
containing differently processed bambara groundnut offal 70
4.11 Feed cost/benefits of starter broilers fed
diets containing differently processed bambara
groundnut offal 72 4.12 Feed cost/benefits of finisher broilers fed diets containing
differently
processed bambara groundnut offal 74
LIST OF PLATES
1
Toasted bambara nut offal 36
2
Boiled bambara nut offal 37
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Feed remains a major factor in livestock
production (Kehinde et al., 2006).
The need for new feed ingredients which will reduce production cost is the
basis for some research in livestock feed and production. Man and livestock
compete for similar basic feed ingredients that are not sufficiently produced
in adequate quantities (Omojola and Adesehinwa, 2007). However, the prime
factor that affects intensive livestock production in Nigeria is high feed cost
due to costly feed ingredients, especially maize, soyabean meal and groundnut
cake. Broiler feed is based primarily on cereal grains and oil seed cakes which
are required to meet their protein and energy requirements. The high cost of
feed and poultry products necessitates the utilization of low-cost inputs such
as cheaper agro-industrial by-products as feed stuffs that are cheaper and
locally available (Balogun and Adeniji, 2002). There has been tremendous
increase in the evaluation of agro- industrial by-products (AIBPs) as animal
feed during the past decades because of obvious need to conserve grains and
legumes for human consumption in developing countries. One of such by-products
is bambara groundnut offal, which is derived from milling industry.
1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM.
Conventional
protein sources for poultry feeding such as soyabean meal and groundnut
cake are scarce, expensive and
highly competed for by man and industries (Iyayi, 2002). Bambara groundnut
offal is relatively cheap, available, underutilized and not much competed for
by man and industries. If used in poultry ration formulation, it should reduce
the cost of poultry production without depreciating growth performance.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The major objective of this study was to
evaluate the response of broiler chickens fed diets containing differently processed bambara
groundnut offal.
The specific objectives were to determine:
i.
The growth performance.
ii.
The haematological
indices.
iii.
Carcass characteristics and organ proportions
iv.
The lipid profile.
v.
The feed cost/benefit of
broiler chickens fed diets containing differently processed bambara groundnut offal.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION
The
high cost of conventional feedstuffs especially maize and soyabean has resulted
in a high cost of finished feed. Since feedcost accounts up to 70% of poultry
production there is urgent need to reduce cost of poultry poduction to a
meaningful and sustainable level with bambara nut offal because of its
availability all year round. The seeds are processed into flour for
human consumption. Although these agro-industrial by-products and wastes are
cheap, they cannot be used as sole sources of nutrients in rations because of
inherent imbalance in essential nutrients They should therefore be mixed with
other feedstuffs to balance the amino acid and energy requirements of broilers.
Its level of inclusion will therefore depend on broiler requirement and
nutrient composition. When supplemented with enzymes, cost of feed is reduced.
Increased utilization of agroindustrial by-products and wastes, through
effective processing, will translate to cheaper products. This will also reduce
the demand pressure on soyabean and groundnut cake, and thereby also reduce the
cost of human food.
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