ABSTRACT
The study investigated the responses of broiler chickens fed diets containing diastic microbes’ (of achatina achatina) degraded household organic wastes. Experiment 1 sorted household solid waste compositions and per capita generation. Experiment 2 quantified the greenhouse gases entrapped during the degradation of organic waste. The digester auto-detection of gas lasted 21days. Atmospheric and slurry temperatures and pH. Experiment 3 analyzed proximate and minerals’ composition of degraded and undegraded waste. Experiment 4 was a forty-two-day feeding trial that investigated the responses of broiler birds fed degraded household organic waste using one hundred and twenty day-old broiler chicks. The DOCs were assigned to four treatments of 30birds per group; in three replications of 10birds per replicate, in a completely randomized design (CRD). TA(control), TB(5%), TC(10%) , and TD(15%) of DHOW inclusion levels were assigned. Results showed 77.4% organic waste, 22.6% consisted of 10.3% plastics, 2% metals, 3% glasses, 2.3% leather and rubbers, 3% textiles and 2% inert wastes were inorganic, with sorting compliance of 52%. Abakaliki had per capita value of 0.55kg/cap/day. Results on biogas yield revealed 82.7%CH4, 17%CO2, and 0.2%N2O of 2.4litres of biogas from 20kg waste in 21days; with corresponding daily global warming potential (GWP) of 3.01CO2-eq, 0.19CO2, and 9.655 CO2-eq respectively. Average pH, atmospheric and slurry temperatures of 5.3, 30.70C and 39.70C respectively supported the above biogas yield. Results on the proximate, macro-nutrient and trace mineral composition showed adequate nutrient composition that supported the nutrient requirements of broiler birds for comparable optimum performance. Results on the responses of broiler chicks to the treatment diets showed that degraded household organic waste used in the study had a significant (P<0.05) effect on the performance of birds. The birds that received control diet and 5% DHOW were similar (P>0.05) and significantly better (P<0.05) than those fed 15% DHOW. However, feed conversion ratio and efficiency of feed utilization were similar (P>0.05) in all the experimental diets. Birds fed control diet in no doubt had significantly (P<0.05) highest cost implications with similar margin. The trend decreased down the treatment levels. However, there were no significant (P<0.05) differences in the haematological and biochemical indices. Reported significant differences in the serum biochemistry only occurred in protein profile, total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein. Serum protein values were significantly (P<0.05) higher at 15%DHOW. Birds fed 5%DHOW had better (P<0.05) cholesterolic values. The results of the overall experiments indicated that Household organic waste can be efficiently used as broilers diet. Best adoptable result was at 5% DHOW which was similar to the control diet. At that level, the farmer could obtain good performance values at good profit margin. Hence, it the chickens maintained these performance records in good health conditions. Best practices can therefore be adopted at 5%DMOW level of inclusion in broiler diets.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page ii
Declaration iii
Certification iv
Dedication v
Acknowledgment vi
Table of Contents ix
List of Tables xv
List of Figures/Chats xvii
Abstract xviii
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background Information
1
1.2. Statement
of Problem 2
1.3.
Objectives of the
Study
4
1.4.
Justification 5
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Household Solid Waste 7
2.2. Current Trend in Nigeria Household Solid
Wastes Generation
8
2.3. Degradation Microbiology of Municipal
Organic Waste 13
2.3.1. Bacteria
13
2.3.2. Fungi
13
2.3.3. Algae
15
2.3.4. Protozoa 16
2.4. Degradation Biochemistry of Organic Waste 16
2.5. Gas Production Mechanism 17
2.5.1 Hydrolysis 18
2.5.2. Acidogenesis/acetogenesis
19
2.5.3. Methanogenesis
20
2.6. Degradation Inhibitors/Gas Production
Inhibitors
20
2.6.1. Ammonia
21
2.6.2. Sulphides
21
2.7. Greenhouse Gases
(GHGS) Emission Values 22
2.8.
Pollution 25
2.8.1.
Waste and air pollution
impact
25
2.8.2.
Water impacts
27
2.8.3.
Land impacts
28
2.9.
Waste Management 29
2.9.1.
Landfill
30
2.9.2.
Reduce
30
2.9.3.
Reuse 31
2.9.4.
Recovery (Energy) 31
2.9.5.
Recycle
32
2.11.
Treatment of
Municipal Organic Wastes for Livestock Feeding 33
2.12.
Nutrient Potentials of Biodegradable
Municipal Organic Wastes 36
2.13.
Degraded Municipal Organic Waste for Animal
Feeds
43
2.14.
Overview of Growth Trend in Nigeria Poultry Industry 45
2.15.
Status of Nigeria Poultry Feed Resources 48
2.16.
The Diastic microbes 49
CHAPTER 3: REVIEW OF LITERATURE
3.1 Location
of Study 50
3.2. Processing
of Household Organic Waste 50
3.2.1. Sorting 50
3.2.2.
Sampling and storage 50
3.2.3.
Preparation of starter inoculums 51
3.2.4.
Preparation of degraded municipal
organic waste 51
3.3. Experimental
Diets 51
3.4. Experimental
Birds and Management 53
3.5. Experimental
Design and Data Collection 53
3.5.1. Experiment
1: Characterisation of Household Waste in Abakaliki. 54
3.5.2.
Experiment 2. Biochemical
Attributes of Household organic waste 54
3.5.3. Experiment
3. Nutritive values of Household organic waste. 55
3.5.3.1.
Dry matter (DM) determination 55
3.5.3.2.
Crude protein determination 56
3.5.3.3.
Crude fibre (CF) determination 57
3.5.3.4.
Ether extracts (EE) determination 57
3.5.3.5.
Ash determination 58
3.5.3.6.
Mineral elements determination 58
3.5.4. Experiment
4. Responses broiler chickens fed degraded Household organic Wastes. 59
3.5.4.1. Performance characteristics. 59
3.5.4.2.
Feed cost-Benefit analysis 59
3.5.4.3. Haematological indices 59
3.5.4.3.1. Haemoglobin estimation 60
3.5.4.3.2. White blood cell count 60
3.5.4.3.3. Red blood cell (RBC)
determination 61
3.5.4.3.4. Determination of packed cell
volume (PCV) 61
3.5.4.3.5. Erythrocyte indices 62
3.5.4.4. Serum
biochemistry. 62
3.5.4.4.1. Total protein (TP) (g/l). 62
3.5.4.4.2. Albumin (g/l) 62
3.5.4.4.3. Globulin (g/l) 63
3.5.4.4.4. Bilirubin (mg/dl) 63
3.5.4.4.5. Urea (mg/dl) 64
3.5.4.4.6. Creatinine (mg/dl) 64
3.5.4.4.7. Alaninine amino
transferase (ALT) (u/l) 65
3.5.4.4.8. Aspartate aminotransferase
(AST) (u/l) 65
3.5.4.4.9. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP)
(u/l) 66
3.5.4.4.10. Cholesterol (mg/dl) 66
3.5.4.4.11. High density lipoprotenin
(HDL) (mg/dl) 67
3.5.4.4.12. Low density lipoprotein
(LDL) (mg/dl) 68
3.5.4.4.13. Triglyceride (mg/dl) 68
CHAPTER
4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1. Experiment 1: Characterisation of
Household Waste in Abakaliki. 69
4.1.2. Per capita waste generation 77
4.2.
Experiment 2. Biochemical Attributes of Household Organic Waste 82
4.2.1 Biogas yield 84
4.2.2. pH. 86
4.2.3. Temperature. 87
4.3. Experiment 3. Physiochemical Analysis
91
4.3.1. Proximate composition 91
4.3.1.1. Proximate composition of the
degraded Household organic waste. 93
4.3.1.2. Proximate composition of the
undegraded Household organic waste. 95
4.3.2. Macro-nutrients in the degraded
Household organic waste 96
4.3.3. Macro-nutrients in the undegraded
Household organic waste 99
4.3.4. Trace minerals in the degraded
household organic waste. 100
4.3.5. Trace minerals in the undegraded
Household organic waste. 103
4.3.6. pH-value, content of dry matter,
ash, organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratio in DHOW of households in
Abakaliki. 103
4.4. Experiment 4. Responses Of Broiler
Birds Fed Degraded Household Organic Wastes107
4.4.1. Performance of broilers fed degraded
Household organic waste (DHOW) 107
4.4.2. Feed cost-Benefit analysis of birds
fed degraded Household organic waste. 112
4.4.3. Haematology of birds fed degraded
Household organic waste 116
4.4.4. Liver enzymes (μ/l) and Bilirubin (mg/l) of the
experimental birds. 118
4.4.5. Serum protein profile of the experimental birds. 122
4.4.6. Effects of the treatments on the lipid profile
(mg/dl). 127
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1.
Conclusion
131
5.2.
Recommendation
133
REFERENCES
134
LIST OF TABLES
2.1. Municipal
solid waste generation for some cities in geopolitical zones in Nigeria. 11
2.2. Municipal waste characterization for the
federal capital city. 12
2.3. Gross
national emission of N2O in Nigeria (1994)
24
2.4.
Fibre fractions, starch and fat values
of untreated organic municipal wastes (UTMOW), inoculum and treated organic
municipal organic wastes (TMOW) in gKg-1DM. 37
2.5.
Macro-nutrient composition of untreated organic municipal wastes (UTMOW),
inoculum and treated organic municipal organic wastes (TMOW) in percentage (%). 38
2.6.
Metal components of untreated organic municipal wastes (UTMOW), inoculum and
treated organic municipal organic wastes (TMOW) in gkg-1DM 39
2.7.
Fat Components of untreated organic municipal wastes (UTMOW), inoculum and
treated organic municipal organic wastes (TMOW) in gkg-1DM 40
2.8.
pH values, dry matter, ash, gross
energy, organic carbon: nitrogen ratio and their Variation in source separated
organic wastes 41
2.9.
Comparison of micro-nutrients of select
feedstuffs used in livestock feed formulation 42
2.10. The contribution of agriculture to GDP and
growth rate (2006-2010) 47
3.1. Percentage composition of municipal organic wastes based Broiler
Diets. 52
4.1. Generation and composition of sub-fractions of HSW
from Abakaliki, Nigeria. 70
4.2 Types
of impurities in Abakaliki Household source-separated HSW. 74
4.3. Summary
of sampled MSW in 100Households (Hhs) with 447 individuals in 7days. 78
4.4. Percentage
composition of biogas released during anaerobic degradation 83
4. 5. Proximate composition of the
degraded and undegraded Household organic waste 92
4.6. Macro-nutrients
of degraded and undegraded Household organic waste 98
4.7
Metals in the degraded Household
organic waste (DHOW) and undegraded Household organic waste (UDHOW). 102
4.8.
pH-value, content of dry matter, ash,
organic carbon and carbon to nitrogen ratio in DHOW and UDHOW of households in
Abakaliki. 106
4.9. Performance
of broilers fed degraded Household organic waste (DHOW) 109
4.10. Feed cost-benefit analysis of birds
fed degraded Household organic waste. 114
4.11. Haematology of birds fed degraded
Household organic waste 117
4.12. Liver enzymes (μ/l) and Bilirubin (mg/l) of the
experimental birds. 120
4.13. Serum protein profile of the experimental birds. 124
4.14. Lipid Profile (mmol/Ls) of birds fed
degraded Household organic waste. 128
LIST
OF FIGURES/CHATS
1. Percentage
composition of sorted Abakaliki municipal solid waste (MSW) 71
2. Percentage composition of Abakaliki
municipal source-separated organic household waste and impurities 72
3. Composition
of organic materials and papers (%) of Abakaliki municipal waste 73
4. Average
generation rate of household waste per capita per day in Abakaliki. 79
5. Variation
of temperatures and degradation days. 89
6. Relationship between degradation days, temperatures, pH and
volumes of GHGs 90
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Household urban
solid waste contributes to the overall municipal solid waste crises in Nigeria,
which has been on the increase since about three decades past (Ajadike, 2007). Their overall negative
impacts are of these categories: environmental, social, economical and land use
etc. (Anigbogu and Uchealor, 2014; CMAP, 2017). Environmental impacts of municipal organic
wastes include hazardous gas
emissions and pollutions (Bernache, 2003; USEPA, 2008 and CMAP, 2017), water quality/contamination (Anigbogu and
Uchealor, 2014), energy consumption (CMAP, 2017), natural habitat degradation
(CMAP, 2017) and biodegradation (Anigbogu and Chukwurah, 2014). Social
impacts was reported by the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (2011) to
occur whenever the municipal wastes generated are dumped in low income areas
with less vision of community revitalization, land use and economic
activities. Economic impacts were
attributed to the sitting resistance and regulation (Anigbogu et al., 2015) in which no body would site
meaningful economic venture near a landfill (CMAP, 2017) and as well the huge
cost associated with municipal waste disposal (Anigbogu, 2014). Land use
related impact issues is majorly on where a landfill should be sited, so as,
not to affect the tendencies of sitting ventures of social and economic
importance. For instance, landfills attract birds, so should not be sited near the
Airports (CMAP, 2017).
Household organic wastes leach
out beneficial nutrients when degraded in the landfills (Anigbogu et al., 2015). They can be biologically
engineered when treated with beneficial micro-organisms to improve their
nutrient composition (Anigbogu et al.,
2015) during which the wastes are detoxified to make them devoid of unwanted
substances, and can be used as major feed components for farm animals (Patidar et al.,
2012).
Broilers’ greatest potentials as food had been reported by Eze (2014). These include short
production interval, efficiency in feed utilization, high carcass to feed ratio
and overall fast return on investment. However, one of the greatest challenges
in poultry production unlike other livestock investment is high cost of feed.
Feed constitutes over 70% of the cost of production (Omole et al., 2006; Amole and Ayantunde, 2016). There is “demand traffic” on various feedstuffs used
in diet formulations, this calls for diversification of feed alternatives.
Biodegradable municipal organic wastes come handy in the novel attempt, since
the degraded forms are loaded with induced favorable microflora for
modification of lignified carbohydrate and fibre. More also, the fermentation
bioactive organisms act as prebiotics or probiotics. The fermentation chemistry
of these bio-fermented wastes makes the nutrients more available for the growth
and health of farm animals. The research in this direction forms tripartite
synergy as poultry feeding, municipal waste management and
ecosystem/environmental balance.
1.2. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Urban solid waste
crises in Nigeria has being on the increase since about three decades past
(Ajadike, 2007). According to the above scholar, waste crises in Nigeria and in
other developing countries are attributed to three main reasons which include:
rapid bout in populations, heavy consumption patterns of urban dwellers and
inefficiencies of the authorities whose statutory responsibilities are among
refuse management. A good fraction of the municipal waste is generated at the
household level. The difficulty in the management of solid waste owes to the
fact that, it takes much space, and if incinerated or dumped in landfills,
environmental problems will be involved (Ofomata, 2007; John and Skinner,
2004). Biologically
degradable fractions are obtained by the activities of microorganisms
which include bacteria, fungi, viruses, actinomycytes etc. (Babayemi and Dauda, 2009). During the microbial
activities, the refuse dumps harbor and incubate the micro-communities which
are pathogenic in form. Hence, human related problems are generated. The overall negative impacts are of these
categories: environmental, social, economical and land use etc. (Anigbogu
and Uchealor, 2014; CMAP,
2017).
Environmental impacts of
municipal organic wastes include hazardous gas emissions and
pollutions (Bernache, 2003; CMAP, 2017 and USEPA, 2008), water
quality/contamination (Anigbogu and Uchealor, 2014), energy consumption (CMAP,
2017), natural habitat degradation (CMAP, 2017) and biodegradation (Anigbogu and Chukwurah, 2014). Social
impacts was reported by the National Environmental Justice Advisory Council (2011) to
occur whenever the municipal wastes generated are dumped in low income areas
with less vision of community revitalization, land use and economic
activities. Economic impacts were
attributed to the sitting resistance and regulation (Anigbogu et al., 2015) in which no body would
site meaningful economic venture near a landfill (CMAP, 2017) and as well the
huge cost associated with municipal waste disposal (Anigbogu, 2014). Land use
related impact issues is majorly on where a landfill should be sited, so as,
not to affect the tendencies of sitting ventures of social and economic
importance. For instance, landfills attract birds, so should not be sited near
the Airports (CMAP, 2017).
Morealso, it
is evidently clear from the current trend in Nigeria poultry industry and the
world in general, that the traditional feed resources cannot be sufficient in
meeting the demand pressure emanating from the industry (Kellems and Church,
2010). A number of alternative feedstuffs have been suggested. They are called
non-traditional feedstuffs due to their not being used conventionally in
poultry diet formulation or even in the commercial diets (Mandey et al. 2017). However, some identified
constraints limit their use in poultry diet. Some of these can be classified in
nutritional aspects, technical aspect or socio-economic aspect. Nutritional aspects
include “variability (or lack of consistency) in nutrient
quality, limited information on the availability of nutrients,
high fibre content,
presence of anti-nutritional factor(s)
and need for nutrient supplementation (added cost)”.
Technical aspects include “seasonal
and unreliable supply, bulkiness, physical characteristics,
need for de-hulling and/or
processing (drying, detoxification), limited research and development facilities for
determining nutrient, and composition and inclusion levels in poultry diets”.
While the socio-economic aspects include “competition with use as human food,
poor prices relative to other
arable crops (farmer), cost per unit of energy or limiting amino acids,
relative to traditional feedstuffs (feed manufacturer)
and cost of processing”
(Idahor, 2013). It is bridging the in both waste managemet and meeting the feed
resource demand, that the present is needed.
1.3.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The
broad objective of the study was to determine response of broiler chickens fed
diets containing diastics microbes’ degraded houseold organic wastes. The specific
objectives of the study are to determine:
1.
The nutritive values of
treated and untreated Household organic wastes as feed for broiler chickens.
2.
Growth Performance of
broiler chickens fed treated Household organic wastes.
3.
The Haematological and Biochemical
indices of broiler chickens fed treated Household organic waste
4.
The Feed-cost benefits of
feeding treated Household organic waste to broiler chickens
1.4
JUSTIFICATION
Abakaliki
is an agro-based state in Nigeria with less population, and industry, but with
rapid development, urbanization and village-urban human drift. These inform the
basis of the results obtained in the present study. Therefore, the quantity of
organic waste generated is high, especially those from food and agro-byproducts
that can serve as animal feed.
Household organic wastes leach
out beneficial nutrients when degraded in the landfills (Anigbogu et al., 2015). They can be biologically
engineered when treated with beneficial micro-organisms to improve their
nutrient composition (Anigbogu et al.,
2015) during which the wastes are detoxified to make them devoid of unwanted
substances, and can be used as major feed components for farm animals (Patidar et al.,
2012).
It
is recognized that these wastes are enriched with nutrients required for farm
animal productivities. For instance, varying levels of minerals, enzymes, lysine,
methionine, organic vitamins, minerals, etc. are found in household organic
wastes. Farmers could find it beneficial if they can use household organic
waste based diets to reduce production cost. This research will also offer
alternative environmental management option, and as well create profitable
means of reducing or eliminating the menace and nuisance of urban wastes.
It
is for these reasons that researches like the present one are desirable to
chart a course for sustainable ecosystem, environmental waste management and
farm animal production.
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