ABSTRACT
Performance, hematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens fed diet containing fermented cocoyam was determined. The fermented cocoyam tuber meal was used to replace maize at various levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% respectively for diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 to determine the best replacement that would give optimal performance in starter and finisher broiler diet. Result of the proximate composition of fermented cocoyam tuber meal showed that it contained 88.38% dry matter, 10.05% moisture, 8.09% ash, 0.06% ether extract, 7% crude protein, 8.70% crude fiber, 63.94% nitrogen free extract and 3004.37kcal/kg ME.. 150 day old Anak broiler was used for the experiment. Each starter diet was fed to a group of 30 broiler birds for 4weeks, while finisher diet was also fed to group of 30 birds for another 4 weeks using Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment was divided into three replicates of 10 birds each. Parameters measured include initial body weight, final body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass characteristics, hematological indices, serum blood chemistry and economics of production. Data collected were analyzed using one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). In the starter feeding trial, the starter broiler on 25% Fermented Cocoyam Meal compared favorably (P < 0.05) with the control in terms of feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio. In the finisher feeding trial, the groups on 25%,50% and 75% FCYM compared favorably with the control in terms of feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio and significantly (P<0.05) perform better than those on 100% FCYM. The result of the carcass yield showed that the finisher broilers on 25% FCYM recorded the highest dressings percent of 70.38 which was significantly (P<0.05) higher than other groups. The percent breast, thigh, drumstick, wings, backcut showed that there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) across the treatment groups. The internal organs expressed as percent of live weight were not affected by the treatments. Only the finisher broilers on 25% FCYM accumulated abdominal fat which was quite minimal. In the starter phase, cost of production (N/kg broiler) was however lowest for those on 25% FCYM and 50% FCYM while the costliest was those on 100% FCYM. In the finisher broilers, the cost of production (N/kg broiler) was however costliest for those on the control diet (N456.91) versus (N354.47) for those on 100% FCYM. The result of the hematological and serum blood chemistry of the starter and finisher broilers of the trial did not have any negative effect on the birds because the results were in line with the normal ranges of hematological values for broiler chicken. It was therefore concluded that fermented cocoyam tuber meal (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) could be used in the diets of starter broilers up to 25% and up to 75% in finisher broiler diets without affecting the body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgments v
Table of content vi
List of tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement
of the Problem 4
1.3 Objectives
of the Study 4
1.4 Justification 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Origin and Distribution of Cocoyam 6
2.2 Botany of Cocoyam 6
2.3 Agronomical Practices of Cocoyam 6
2.3.1 Soil and climatic conditions 6
2.3.2 Cultivation of cocoyam 7
2.3.3 Weeding 7
2.3.4 Harvesting 7
2.3.5 Storage 8
2.4 Nutritive Values of Cocoyam 8
2.4.1 Anti nutritional factors in tannia cocoyam 9
2.5 How to Remove the Anti-Nutrients in
Cocoyam 10
2.6 Fermentation 10
2.7 Cocoyam as an Alternative Feed Stuff for
Broiler Production 10
2.8 Other uses of Cocoyam 11
2.9 Haematological Indices and Blood Chemistry 12
2.9.1 Haematological indices 12
2.9.2 Blood chemistry 13
2.10 Carcass Quality and Internal Organ 14
2.10.1 Organs 14
CHAPTER 3:
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental
Site 15
3.2 Procurement
and Processing of Test Materials and Feed Ingredients 15
3.3 Chemical Analysis of Fresh and Fermented
Cocoyam (Xanthosoma
sagittifolium) 16
3.4 Anti
– Nutrients Determination 16
3.5 Experimental
Starter Broiler Diets 16
3.6 Experimental
Finisher Broiler Diets 16
3.8 Management
of the Experimental Broilers 19
3.9 Carcass
Evaluation 20
3.9.1 Determination of blood constituents (haematological
and
biochemical
indices) 20
3.9.2 Determination of blood constituents
(haematological and
biochemical
indices) 21
3.10 Data
Collection 24
3.11 Data
on Carcass Characteristics 26
3.12 Economics
of the Experimental Diets 27
3.13 Experimental
Design 27
CHAPTER
4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1.0 Antinutrient and proximate composition of
fresh (raw) and
fermented
cocoyam tuber meal 29
4.1.1 Proximate composition of fresh (raw) and fermented
cocoyam
tuber meal (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) 30
4.4 Growth Performance of Starter Broilers Fed
Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 33
4.4.1 Feed
intake 33
4.4.2 Body weight
gain 34
4.4.3 Feed
conversion ratio 34
4.5 Haematological Indices of Starter Broiler
Chicks Fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber
Meal 35
4.6 Serum
Biochemical Indices of Starter Broilers 37
4.7 Economics
of Production of Starter Broilers Fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 39
4.8 Growth Performance of Finisher Broiler
Chicken Fed Diet Containing
Fermented
Cocoyam Tuber Meal 41
4.8.1 Body
weight gain 41
4.8.2 Feed
intake 41
4.8.3 Feed
conversion ratio 42
4.9 Carcass
Yield of Finisher Broiler Chicken Fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber
Meal 42
4.10 Organ
Proportions of Finisher Broiler Chicken Fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 43
4.11 Haematological Indices of Finisher Broiler
Chicken Fed Fermented
Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 44
4.12 Serum Biochemical Indices of Finisher
Broiler Chicken Fed Fermented
Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 46
4.13 Economics
of Production of Finisher Broiler Chicken Fed Fermented
Cocoyam Tuber Meal 48
CHAPTER
5: CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 50
5.2 Recommendation 50
References 51
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Nutrient Composition of Taro 9
2.2 Haematological Indices 12
2.3 Normal Range of Blood Chemistry Values
for Broilers Chicken 13
3.1 Ingredient and Nutrient Composition of
the Experimental Starter Broiler Diets 17
3.2 Ingredient and Nutrient Composition of
the Experimental Finisher Broiler Diets 18
4.1a
Anti Nutrients Composition of Raw and Fermented Cocoyam Tubers
(Xanthosoma sagittifolum) 29
4.1b Nutrient Composition of Fermented and Raw Cocoyam
(% DM Basis) 30
4.2 Proximate Composition of Experimental
Broiler Starter Diets 31
4.3 Proximate Composition of Experimental
Broiler Finisher Diets 31
4.4 Growth Performance of Starter Broilers
fed Fermented Cocoyam Tuber Meal 31
4.5 Haematological Indices of Starter
Broiler Chicks fed Fermented Cocoyam 35
4.6 Serum Biochemical Indices of Starter
Broilers fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 37
4.7 Economics of Production of Starter
Broiler Chickens fed Fermented Cocoyam 39
4.8 Growth
Performance of Finisher Broiler Chickens fed Fermented Cocoyam 41
4.9 Carcass of Finisher Broiler Chickens fed
Fermented Cocoyam 42
4.10 Organ Proportions of Finisher Broiler
Chickens fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 43
4.11 Haematological Indices of Finisher Broiler
Chickens fed Fermented Cocoyam
Tuber Meal 44
4.12 Serum Biochemical Indices of Finisher
Broiler Chickens fed Fermented
Cocoyam Tuber Meal 46
4.13 Economics of Production of Finisher Broiler
Chickens fed Fermented
Cocoyam Tuber Meal 48
CHAPTER
1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
OF THE STUDY:
The high cost of compounded feed for
poultry derives largely from the expensive prices and scarcity of conventional
feed ingredients in Nigeria, yet, poultry production especially broilers remain
one of the veritable ways of achieving sustainable and rapid production of high
quality protein to meet the increasing demands of Nigerians. In other to tackle
this problem, we have to look for alternative feed stuff which have comparative
nutritive value and preferably cheaper than the conventional sources.
Carbohydrate form the major sources of energy in all diets, excepts those
containing very high level of fat and the prime sources of energy in the ration
formulation is cereals, with maize ranking highest (Oluyemi and Roberts, 2000).
The use of maize as a staple food for
man and as a chief energy source in livestock feed has made it to be highly
competitive in demand resulting in addition cost constraints. In order to
ameliorate this problem, alternative sources of energy that are less in demand
with relatively lower cost must be exploited. Depending on maize alone as the
chief energy source will bring reduction in poultry production because
production of maize now is at a very high cost following the high level of pest
and disease attack on maize at the early stage of cultivation. Animal feed
constitutes at about 45-60% of cost of animal production (Tewe and Egbunike,
1992). Cocoyam products are recognized as the cheaper carbohydrate sources than
grains or other tuber crops, thus tannia cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolum) is a non-conventional feedstuff that
provide readily available energy with easily digestible carbohydrate
(Abudulrashid and Agwunobi, 2012).
Looking at alternative to maize are
roots and tubers which include cassava, sweet potatoes, cocoyam, yam and other
tubers and their by-products. Cocoyam being one of the non-conventional feed
stuffs can replace maize at 25% inclusion (raw, sundried) and 50% inclusion
(boiled and sun dried) in finishing diet of broiler chicken (Abudlrashid et al., 2006).
Tannia cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolum) is readily found in all hot and humid
areas of the world as is cultivated extensively throughout West Africa
(Onwueme, 1982). It was also suggested that tannia cocoyam are now more
important than taro cocoyam being more popular (FAO, 1990), due to the
superiority of their corms and cormels in terms of energy, protein and mineral
elements (Mwenge 2009). Bello (1976), reported that cocoyam compete favorably
with cassava, potatoes and yam in terms of nutrient contents.
Several studies
has shown that cocoyam contain digestible starch, protein, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin,
niacin and high score of amino acid (Oke and Bolarinwa, 2012). However, one
major limiting factor in the utilization of cocoyam is the presence of
oxalates, which impact acid taste or cause irritation when foods prepared from
them are eaten. Ingestion of foods containing oxalates has been reported to
cause caustic effects, irritation to the intestinal track and absorptive
poisoning; oxalates are also known to interfere with the bioavailability of
calcium.
Oke, (2012) reported that
fermentation affected the calcium oxalate and some physiochemical properties of
cocoyam flour. Calcium oxalate was reduced significantly, the greater reduction
was observed in the 48 hours fermentation which reduces the oxalate least by
approximately 65%. Cocoyam plays an important role in digestion because it
consist of high level of dietary fiber (a single serving contains 11.32% of the
daily requirement of dietary fiber) is very important for supporting of
gastrointestinal health. Fiber helps to add bulk to our bowel movement, thus
helping food to move through the digestive tract and facilitate improve
digestion. Due to the fiber content of other feed ingredient and that of
cocoyam, fermenting cocoyam will help in breakdown the fiber content thus
increasing the absorption of nutrient.
Abudulrashid (2012) reported that
with proper processing of tannia cocoyam tuber meal, it will effectively
replace maize at 50% level of inclusion as a major source of energy in finisher
diets of broiler birds. Anyaegbu et al., (2016),
reported that the finisher broiler group on 15 percent sun dried cocoyam tuber
meal diet, replacing maize recorded the highest body weight gain, better feed
intake and feed conversion ratio which were significantly different (P<0.05)
from other groups.
Onunkwo et al, (2016) also reported that broiler chicks fed 10% of sun
dried cocoyam tuber meal competed favorably with those on control diet (maize
based diet) in terms of feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio recorded
significantly (p<0.05) the highest weight gain. Fermenting cocoyam will go a
long way to give a very good performance in the production of broilers and also
help in reducing the cost of production.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Ø Due
to high cost of energy feedstuffs for example, maize, there is need to look for
alternative feedstuff.
Ø Scarcity
of maize at certain period of the year, which will hinder production when there
is scarcity.
Ø Redundancy
in mono gastric animal production due to expensive nature of maize
Ø Low
production of maize due to pest and diseases attack
Ø Poor
returns in poultry production due to high cost of maize.
1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY
The main objective of the study is to
determine the growth performance, haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler
chickens fed fermented cocoyam.
The specific objectives of the study
are to:
i.
determine the proximate
composition and gross energy of raw and fermented cocoyam tannia cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolum) as well as the
anti-nutrients content (tannin, cyanide, saponin, phytate and oxalate)
ii.
determine the effects of
dietary levels of inclusion of fermented cocoyam tuber meal on the growth
performance of broiler chicken and their carcass characteristics.
iii.
determine the
haematological indices and serum biochemistry of broilers fed fermented cocoyam
tuber meal in their diets.
iv.
evaluate the economics of
production of broilers fed fermented cocoyam tuber meal.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
OF THE STUDY
Specifically,
this research project will
i.
Establish appropriate
fermented cocoyam level(s) in the diets for optimum broiler performance.
ii.
Provide data on fermented
cocoyam based diets.
iii.
Provide data for
establishing standards for (small and large scale) commercial farmers on fermented cocoyam tuber meal for
broiler feed production.
iv.
Lead to reduction in the
cost of broiler feed and broiler production.
v.
Encourage the use of
fermented cocoyam in broiler diets.
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