ABSTRACT
A study was carried out to evaluate performance of broiler chickens fed diets containing donkeys’ caecal meal (DCM) and donkeys’ blood meal (DBM). This study comprised 4 experiments. Experiment 1 was done to determine chemical composition of the test ingredients. Experiments 2, 3 and 4 evaluated growth performance, haematological indices, serum biochemistry, carcass characteristics, organ proportions of the broiler chickens as influenced by the diets containing the two test ingredients both individually and in combination, respectively. One hundred and fifty (150) day old Anak breeds were used for experiments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. These birds were randomly assigned to five diets in each experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of three replicates with 10 birds per replicate. Five experimental diets were formulated for each of the three experiments. In experiment 2, diets was substituted with donkeys’ caecal content meal such that diet 1 (T1) served as control (0%) value. Diet 2 (T2) contains 2.5% DCM and diets 3, 4 and 5 (T3, T4 and T5) contained 5.0%, 7.5%, 10% DCM respectively. Experiment 3 was substituted with DBM at same levels as in experiment 2. Experimental 4 was substituted with (DBCM) at the ratio of 3:1 (caecal 3 parts and blood one part) and the content in each treatment diet were of the same level as in experiment 2. The experiment lasted for eight (8) weeks (56 days). The results of experiments 2, 3 and 4 revealed that birds fed diet (T2) had significantly (P<0.05) improved body weight gain (2396.00g), feed intake, superior feed conversion ratio than birds fed the control diet (0% of the test diets (2340.33g). Diet (T2) had highest (P<0.05) values in all the parameters, followed by diet T3 in the three experimental groups. The nutrient digestibility were (P<0.05) different in all parameters measured. The values obtained for haematological indices and serum biochemistry had (P<0.05) variations in all the parameters determined but were within normal established range for broiler chickens. The cut parts (30.10g) and organ weights (0.60g) indicated that there were (P<0.05) differences among the treatment groups. The higher (P<0.05) values obtained in revenue and gross margin of diets T2 - T4 than others. This is followed by diets T3 (5.0%) and T4 (7.5%). In conclusion, the diet T2 fed to the birds in experiment 2, 3, and 4 proved to be the best based on its superior performance over other diets fed to the birds, as it was expressed in growth performance, haematological indices, serum biochemistry and feed cost analysis. The DCM and DBM could be substituted up to 10%, but DBCM could be utilized up to 5.0% without any adverse effect.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables x
Abstract xiii
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem
3
1.3 Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Justification 4
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1
Issues on Poultry Production 6
2.2 Contribution of Poultry Production to Nigerian Economy 7
2.3 Importance of
Nutrition in Poultry Production
8
2.4 Problem of
Feed in the Livestock Industry
8
2.5 Poultry Management Practices in
Nigeria 9
2.6 Nutrient Requirements of Broilers 11
2.7 Non-conventional Feedstuffs
12
2.7.1 Blood meal 13
2.7.2 Caecal content
15
2.7.2.1 Caecal meal in broiler chicken
diet: 16
2.8 Anti-Nutritional Factors in Plant Foods 18
2.8.1 Tannins
18
2.8.2 Phytate 18
2.8.3 Oxalate 19
2.8.4 Saponins 20
2.9 Nutrient Composition of Blood-Caecal
Contents mixture 21
2.10 Sustainability of Alternative
Feedstuffs in Poultry Production 25
2.11 Disparity in Composition of Caecal
Contents 28
2.12 Upgrading Nutritional
Value of Caecal Contents
28
2.13 The Nutritive Content of Donkey’s
Caecal Content and Blood Meal 29
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS 30
3.1 Experimental Site 30
3.2 Source and Processing of the Donkeys’ Caecal
Content (DCC), Donkeys’
Blood Meal
(DBM) and Donkeys’ Blood-Caecal Content (DBCC) 30
3.3 Experiment I:
31
3.3.1 Processing
of the test ingredients: (donkeys’ caecal meal, blood meal and
blood-caecal
meal) via cooking and sun drying (Appendix1) 31
3.3.2 Proximate
composition and gross energy content of the donkeys’ caecal meal,
blood meal and
blood-caecal content meal were determined using the procedure described by
the association of official analytical
chemists AOAC, 2005 Appendix 2 31
3.3.3 Determination of neutral detergent fibre (NDF) 32
3.3.4 Determination of acid detergent fibre
(ADF) 32
3.3.5
Determination of acid detergent lignin (ADL) 32
3.3.6
Determination of total dietary fibre (TDF) 32
3.3.7
Determination of mineral element: sodium, potassium, calcium and manganese 33
3.3.8
Phosphorus determination (Spectrophotometric method) 33
3.3.9 Phytate determination. 33
3.3.10 Saponin
determination. 33
3.3.11 Tannin
determination. (12 A) 33
3.3.12 Oxalate
estimation/determination 34
3.3.13 Amino
acids profile determination by thin layer chromatography and
modified
colorimetric techniques 34
3.3.14
Mineral and amino acid profile
donkeys’ caecal meal, blood meal and
blood-caecal meal Appendix 17. 34
3.3.15
Anti-nutritional factor and
fibre fraction donkeys’ caecal meal, blood
meal and blood-caecal meal Appendix
18. 34
3.4
Experiment 2: The Effect of Donkeys’
Caecal Meal on the Performance of Broiler
Chickens 35
3.4.1
Experimental diet 35
3.4.2
Experimental animal and management 36
3.5 Parameters
to be evaluated 37
3.5.1 Growth performance 37
3.5.2 Feed
intake 37
3.5.3 Weight
gain/bird 37
3.5.4 Feed
conversion ratio 38
3.5.5
Haematological indicies 38
3.5.6 Serum
biochemistry 38
3.5.7. Evaluate
the effect of donkeys’ caecal meal on carcass characteristics of broiler 39
3.5.8 Cost benefit 39
3.5.9
Experimental design 39
3.5.10
Statistical analysis
40
3.5.11
Statistical model 40
3.6 Experiment
3: The Effect of Donkeys’ Blood Meal on the Performance of
Broiler
Chickens 41
3.6.1
Experimental diet 41
3.7 Experiment
4: The Effect of Donkeys’
Blood-Caecal Meal on the Performance of
Broiler
Chickens 42
3.7.1
Experimental diet 42
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS
AND DISCUSSION 43
4.1 Experiment:
I Preliminary Study of Donkeys’ Blood Meal, Donkeys’ Caecal Meal
and Donkeys’
Blood-Caecal Meal, Gross Energy, Amino Acid Profile, Mineral and
Anti-Nutritional Factors present. 43
4.2 Experiment
2 57
4.3 Effect of the Donkeys’ Caecal Meal on the Performances of
Broiler Chickens. 57
4.4 Experiment
3: 71
4.5 Effect of the Donkeys’ Blood Meal on the Performances of Broiler
Chickens. 71
4.6 Experiment: 4 85
4.7 Effect of the Donkeys’ Blood-Caecal Meal on the Performances of
Broiler
Chickens 85
CHAPTER 5: Conclusion and recommendations
98
5.1 Conclusion
98
5.2 Recommendations 101
References 102
Appendices 119
List of Tables
3.1
The Gross Composition of the Experimental Diets
Containing Graded Levels of
Donkeys’
Caecal Meal Fed to Broiler Chickens. 36
3.2
The Composition of Experimental diets Containing Graded
Levels of Donkeys’
Blood
Meal 41
3.3
The Composition of the Experimental Diets Containing Graded
Levels of Donkeys’
Blood-Caecal Meal 42
4.1 The Results of the Proximate and Gross Energy
Composition of Donkeys’
Blood Meal, Donkeys’ Caecal
Rumen Meal and Donkeys’ Blood-
Caecal Meal 44
4.2 The
Anti-Nutritional Factor of Test Ingredients 48
4.3 The Result
of the Mineral Composition (Macro) of the Test Ingredients 49
4.4 The Result of the Mineral
Compositions (Micro) of the Feed Ingredients 51
4.5 The Fibre Fraction of the Test Ingredients 52
4.6 The Results of
the Essential Amino Acids Profile of the Test Ingredients
54
4.7
The Results of the Non-Essential Amino Acids Profile of Donkeys’ Blood
Meal,
Donkey Caecal Meal and Donkey Blood-
Caecal Meal 55
4.8 The Proximate and Gross Energy
Compositions of Experimental Diets 57
4.9 The Results of the growth Performance
of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of
Donkeys’ Caecal
Meal 58
4.10 The Results
of the Haematological indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of
Donkeys’ Caecal
Meal 60
4.11 The Serum
Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels Donkeys’
Caecal Meal 63
4.12 The
Results of the Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of
Donkeys’ Caecal
Meal 65
4.13 The
Results of Carcass Weights of Broiler Chicken fed Graded Levels of Donkeys’
Caecal Meal 66
4.14 The
Results of the Organ weights (expressed as % dressed weights) of Broiler
Chickens Fed
Diets Containing Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Caecal Meal 68
4.15 The Cost
Benefits of inclusion of Graded Level of Donkeys’ Caecal Meal in
Broiler
Chicken Diets 69
4.16 The Results of the Proximate, Gross
Energy Composition of Broiler Chicken fed
Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood Meal 71
4.17 The Result
of the Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of
Donkeys’ Blood Meal 72
4.18 The Haematological Indices of
Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of
Donkeys’
Blood Meal 74
4.19 The Results of the Serum
Biochemical Indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets
Containing Graded Levels of Donkeys’
Blood Meal 77
4. 20 The Digestibility of Broiler Chicken
Fed graded levels of Donkeys’ Blood Meal 79
4.21 The Cut Parts (as expressed as %
dressed weight) of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded
Levels of Donkeys’ Blood Meal 80
4.22 The Organ weights (as expressed as
% dressed weights) of Broiler Chickens
Fed Graded Levels Donkeys’ Blood Meal 82
4.23 Cost
Benefits of Inclusion of Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood Meal in Broiler
Chickens 83
4.24. The
Proximate and Gross Energy Composition of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets
Containing
Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood-Caecal Meal.
85
4.25. The
Growth Performance of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of Donkeys’
Blood- Caecal
Meal 86
4.26. The Result of Haematological
Indices of Broiler Chicken Fed Diets
Containing
Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood- Caecal
Meal 88
4.27. The Serum
Biochemical Indices of Broiler
Chicken Fed Diets Containing Graded
Levels of
Donkeys’ Blood- Caecal Meal 91
4.28. The
Nutrient Digestibility of Broiler Chicken Fed Graded Levels of Donkeys’
Blood- Caecal
Meal 92
4.29. The Cut-Parts Weights of Broiler
Chicken Fed Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood- Caecal Meal 94
4.30. The Organ Weights of Broiler
Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Donkeys’ Blood- Caecal Meal 95
4.31. The Cost Benefits of inclusion of
Graded Levels of donkey Blood- Caecal Meal in Broiler Chicken Diets. 96
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Many developing countries particularly Nigeria are facing rapid
increase in population with no resulting increases in animal protein
productions. Generally, this problem of insufficient animal protein intake in
developing countries has affected the total protein consumption of individuals
(FAO, 2017). An animal product provides 18% of overall calories, 34% of total
protein consumptions with essential micro-nutrients, for example, vitamin B12,
iron and also calcium (FAO, 2017). The total animal proteins consumption of an
average Nigerian contributes about 15-20% of animal protein intake, which is
below 33% recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO, 2001; Yusuf et al., 2009). To successfully fight
such malnutritions with under-nourishments, 20 g of animal proteins per person
per day is required or 7.3 kg per year can be supplied. There is need to increase
the production of livestock with short generation intervals at our households, for
commercial enterprises and boost protein intakes in Nigeria.
The rapid growth rates and superior feed conversion ratio of broiler
chicickens have made its production one of the most economic and as well as easiest
ways of bridging the supply demand gap of animal proteins. Broiler chickens are
easy to manage with quick profits to capital savings and its meat is generally
accepted for human consumption (Onu et
al., 2011). The increased prices of protein feed materials contributes to
reduced performance of various poultry species thereby resulting in scarcity of
animal proteins to populace in the country (Adeniji and Jimoh, 2007). The
increased price of conventional protein sources is as a result of competitions
among humans and livestock industries for available feedstuff (Akinmutimi et al., 2011). The feed cost accounts for
70-75% of the entire costs of productions (Martinez, 1999). Making use of conventional
protein sources for example, soybean meals with fish meals might sometimes be
limited in poultry feeding as a result of their unavailability and as well as
cost (Etalem et al., 2013).
Attempts to reduce the high cost of feedstuffs, feed materials with
the prices of eggs as well as meat has concentrated on the exploration of
cheaper and locally accessible alternative agro-by product particularly those of
no dietary values to human (Ojebiyi et al.,
2006; Onu, 2007; Okonkwo et al.,
2008; Onu and Otuma, 2008; Oladunjoye and Ojebiyi, 2010). Sustainability of
feed resources is a major challenge in animal production (Fedoroff et al., 2010; Godfray et al., 2010; Foley et al., 2011; Beddington et
al., 2012 Aiking et al., 2014). Competition for land between human and
livestock like ruminants has aggregated this condition (Schink et al., 2010; Deikman et al., 2012; Hoekstra et al., 2016) and various minerals for
example, phosphorus (Scholz and Wellmer, 2013). The competition of arable crop multivated
making best use of the animal by-products, slaughter house by-product and reduced
environmental pollution. Thereby stimulating attention in its research for
potential utilization as protein feed materials in livestock rations (Mohammed et al., 2005). The animal by-products
and fats are the primary products generated from the rendering process (Walsh,
2014). Inclusion of this feedstuff in animal feeds will help alleviate the
problems of the shortage of feed supply (Adeniji and Balogun, 2001; Dairo et al., 2005; Mohammed et al., 2008; Onu et al., 2011).
One of the
alternative animal by-products that can be used as feedstuff is Donkey caecal
Content Meal (DCCM), Donkey Blood Meal (DBM) and Donkey Blood-Ceacal Content
Meal (DBCCM). They are abattoir wastes cabale of being in inexpensive and as
well locally accessible alternative feed materials for livestock (Swan, 1992). Ceacal
content is rich in microbial protein (Esonu et
al., 2011). It contains undigested feed materials at different stages of
degradation, saliva, microorganisms with the products of their metabolic
activities for example, protein, amino-acid, vitamin, peptides (Makinde et al., 2017) minerals, energy and
others.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
·
Abundance of donkey wastes in
the sourthern region of this country constituted to environmental pollution.
·
The high cost of conventional
protein feedstuffs contributed to an increased cost of livestock production and
its products.
·
There was no documented
information on economic capability of broilers fed these diets (donkey’s caecal,
blood meal, blood-caecal content meal) is not yet documented.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this study is to
Investigate donkeys’caecal content and/or blood meal as an
alternative protein feedstuffs for broiler chickens.
Specific Objectives are to determine the following:
1.
Chemical composition, gross
energy, mineral and amino acid profile of donkeys’ caecal meal, donkeys’ blood
meal and donkeys’ blood-caecal meal.
2.
The effect of donkeys’caecal
meals and/or donkeys’ blood meals on the performances of broiler chickens.
3.
Carcass characteristics and
organ yield of broiler chickens fed diets containing donkeys’caecal content
and/or blood meal.
4.
The haematological indices and
serum biochemistry of broilers fed diets containing donkey caecal meal and/or
blood meal.
5.
Feed cost benefit of broiler
chickens fed these diets.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
·
A success in this research will
lead to better documented information on proximate composition of DCM, DBM and
DBCM for ration formulation.
·
It will bring in an alternative
protein sources for monogastrics (single stomached animals) especially broiler.
·
These wastes materials as poultry
feed ingredients may possibly help to reduce high costs of poultry feeds and as
well as poultry products.
·
This will help reduce cost of
broiler production, facilitate reduction in the unit price of poultry products
and increase in animal protein intake in our developing country.
·
It will help turn the waste to
meat hence increase supply and consumption of animal protein.
·
The scarcity and very expensive
protein ingredients for feed formulation lead to this search for alternative
protein source.
·
Lack of information on
proximate, mineral and amino acid profile of donkey’s caecal content, donkey’s
blood meal, donkey’s blood-caecal content mealas alternative feed materials to
be fully known and explored in poultry nutrition.
·
The safe dietary inclusion
levels of these feed ingredients (donkey’s caecal, blood meal, blood-caecal content
meal) in broiler diets would be established.
· This will be a way of disposing
caecal content and blood at reduced cost and hence arest the menace of waste
disposal.
·
It is important to make best
use of the economic benefits as well as reduce the dumping problem connected
with caecal content and also blood has led to renewed interests in the
investigations of these waste-products in support of potential utilization as protein
feedstuff in poultry production (NANV, 1994).
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