ABSTRACT
A feeding trial was conducted to compare the effect of dietary inclusion of Calopogonium Leaf Meal, Pawpaw Leaf Meal (PLM), and Centrosema Leaf Meal on the performance of finishing broilers chickens. One hundred and twenty 4 weeks old broilers were used for the study that lasted for 28 days. The birds were assigned to four dietary treatments with thirty birds per treatment in a Completely Randomized Design. Each treatment was replicated thrice. Four finisher diets were formulated containing 18% CP and 2900kcalME/kg. The Leaf Meals were incorporated at 3% in treatments 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Treatment 1 had no Leaf Meal and was used as the control diet. Results showed that the effect of treatment 4 on final body weight (1920g), total feed intake (4218.33), weight gain (1236g), daily weight gain (44.16g), were significant (P<0.05). Birds on treatment 4 had a final body weight of 1920.0g which differed significantly (P<0.05) from the 1773.3g, 1780.0g, and 1746.7g observed for birds on Treatment 1, Treatment 2, and Treatment 3 respectively. Treatment 1 had the least cost/kg of feed (174.31Naira), while Treatment 2 had the best digestibility for ether extract (95.37), NFE (76.58), and carbohydrate (70.84). Treatment 3 had the best digestibility of crude fibre (67.64). Digestibility of protein was significant (P<0.05) in treatment 4 (91.48).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
Page
i
Declaration
ii
Certification
iii
Dedication
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Table of
Contents
vi
List of
Tables
vii
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Information
1
1.2
Statement of Problem
4
1.3
Justification of Study
4
1.4
Objectives of Study 5
CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 6
2.1
General Description and Classification of Poultry
6
2.2
Varieties of World Poultry Meat
6
2.3
Benefits Derived From Poultry Sector
7
2.4
Characteristics of Poultry Meat 8
2.5
Challenges Affecting the Poultry Sector
8
2.6
Non-Conventional Feed Resources in Poultry
8
2.7 Limitations
of Non-Conventional Feed Resources 9
2.8
Advantages of Forage Consumption by Poultry 9
2.9
Description of the Forages to Be Used As Leaf Meal 11
2.10
Previous Effects of the Leaf Meals on Performance of Poultry 17
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 study
Site
22
3.2
Source and Processing of Feed Ingredients
22
3.3
Experimental Diet Formulation
22
3.4
Experimental Birds and Housing
24
3.5
Design of Experiment
24
3.6 Data
Collection 24
CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION
4.1
Proximate Composition of Experimental Diet
28
4.2
Faecal Chemical Composition 29
4.3
Performance of Birds
30
4.4
Economics of Production 32
4.5
Carcass Characteristics
33
4.6 Organ
Characteristics 35
4.7
Nutrient Intake
36
4.8
Nutrient Output
38
4.9
Digestible Coefficient
39
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1
Conclusion 40
5.2
Recommendation
41
References
LIST OF
TABLES
2.1 Top
Producers of Papaya in 2013 17
3.1
Percentage Composition of Experimental Diets 23
4.1
Proximate Composition of Experimental Diet 28
4.2
Faecal Chemical Composition
29
4.3 Performance of Birds
30
4.4 Economics of Production
32
4.5 Carcass Characteristics
34
4.6 Organ Characteristics
35
4.7 Nutrient Intake
36
4.8 Nutrient Output
38
4.9 Digestible Coefficient
39
CHAPTER
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Current challenge in monogastric animal production
is to exploit the use of forage species as supplementary feeds to boost the
intrinsic potentials of monogastrics for better performance. Supplementing
forage in monogastric nutrition helps the growing animal to effectively derive
maximum benefit from the forage, which include a rich source of fibre, proteins,
vitamins, minerals; therefore allowing them to grow healthy and strong (Otu,2016).
The rapidly increasing human population in Nigeria currently gives rise to a
high demand for protein from animal origin. However, the supply is hampered by
high cost of feed due to competition between man and animals for feed ingredients.
This has compelled nutritionist to look for alternative feed resources (Otu,
2016). Udedibie (2014) reported that over the last 20 years, the prices of
commercial feeds have risen by more than 2000% and that of concentrates by over
400%. These prices continue to rise annually due to the rising inflation,
unfavourable dollar-naira exchange rate and the constant increase in fuel
prices.
Otu (2017) maintained that the demand for poultry
meat in Nigeria is progressively rising as meat consumers shift their interests
from red meat which is higher in cholesterol to poultry meat. Further reports
show the need for utilization of alternative feed ingredients. Thus forages
have been suggested to fit into this category, and one of the nutritional
strategies to enhance a rapid growth of monogastric animal production has been
the supplementation of forage in monogastric nutrition.
Monogastric animals are animals that have a simple
stomach and do not ruminate or chew the cud. They are animals that cannot
effectively digest fibrous feed, feed with high cellulose and hemicellulose
(Otu, 2016). Monogastric animals include pigs, poultry, cats, man etc. These
set of animals lack the required micro organisms to digest fibre in the gastro
intestinal tract.
The use of forages in feeding monogastric animals is
unconventional, although monogastric
animal producers have been advised to feed forages to their animals as a supplement
to a basic concentrate diets in order to meet fibre and some of the vitamin requirements
(Yuangsoi et al.,2014).
Forages are plants, which can be fodder, grasses or
legumes that are fed to livestock in the form of hay, silage and pasture (Banjo,
2012). Silage is defined as the product formed when grass or other material of
sufficiently high moisture content, liable to spoilage by aerobic organisms is
stored anaerobically (Aye et al.2013).
Hay is grass legumes or other herbaceous plants that have been cut, dried and
stored for use as animal fodder (Aye et
al.2013). Pasture plants are plants grown for feeding animals. They consist
mainly of grasses, with an interspersion of legumes and other forage.
The tropical zones contain the biggest genetic diversity
of species and particularly vascular plants of interest. To be useful for
broiler nutrition, forage plants must be available, cheap and acceptable to the
bird. The green part of biomass is potentially the most abundant protein source
(Otu, 2016). Biomass refers to plant or animal matter that can be converted
into fibres or energy (Otu, 2016). The major problem associated with the use of
forage as protein source for monogastrics is their low palatability, extremely
high level of fibre which may decrease intake of other nutrients (Banjo, 2015).
Furthermore, the occurrence of anti-nutritive and toxic substances (tannin,
saponins, phenols, alkaloid and steroids) may also inhibit the exploitation of
these materials. High moisture content in some forage species may also be a
limiting factor (Kim et al., 1999).
Forages should therefore be fed to poultry at a
recommended level of 3% while further research is carried out to further
understand the relationship between forage plants and monogastric nutrition.
1.2
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
Unavailability and the resultant high cost of feed
ingredients, especially those that are protein rich, have been a major drawback
in broiler chickens production. Most times, farmers cannot afford these
expensive feed ingredients for the formulation of their poultry diets. Forages
are abundant in our natural environment and they are cheap. They can be
included at a recommended level of 3% to lower the cost of production and
return a major profit margin for the farmer.
1.3 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
High cost and competition between man and animals
for grains used in concentrate feed have led to an astronomical increase in the
cost of producing broilers chickens. Presently cost of feed ingredients and
their by-products have increased dramatically and are often scarce. The cost of
maize now ranges from 150-170 Naira/kg. Similarly, the price of Soyabean ranges
from 160-180 Naira/kg. There is
therefore need to look for alternative feeding arrangement by incorporating
certain low cost effective feed material such as forage for poultry. In doing
this, adequate information is required on them which this study stands for.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
a) To assess the growth performance of finishing
broilers fed different types of forages (leaf meal) at an inclusion level of
3%.
b) To assess the most suitable forage from among these
3 common forages for broiler production.
c) To assess the organ and carcass characteristics of
finishing broilers fed these forages.
d) To determine the economy of feed conversion of
feeding these 3 forages
e) To determine the digestibility of the forages in
broiler finisher nutrition
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