ABSTRACT
A 49-day feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of poultry droppings-maggots meal (PDM) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, organ proportion, blood profile and economics of production of broiler chickens. 144 (One hundred and forty four) 7-day old Agrited chicks were divided into four groups of 36 and randomly assigned to the four diets in a Complete Randomized Designed (CRD). The birds were fed straight diets containing different replacement levels of poultry dropping-maggots meal (PDM) for fish meal at 0, 5, 10 and 15% designated as diets D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Highest feed intake of (98.30g/d) was obtained from birds fed diet D4 (15% PDM) followed by 93.26g/d from birds fed D2 (5% PDM) while lower but similar values of 86.06g/d and 84.70g/d were obtained from birds fed D1 and D3 respectively. The weight gain of birds fed D1 (31.34g), D2 (30.46g) and D3 (31.29g) were similar (P>0.05) but higher (P<0.05) than that of birds fed D4 (26.64g). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) differed significantly (P<0.05) among treatment groups. FCR values of 2.76, 2.92, 2.70 and 3.70 were obtained from D1, D2, D3 and D4, respectively. Except for wing, head and neck cut part, there was significant differences (P<0.05) in other carcass cut part characteristics measured. Highest dressing percentage of 73.63% was obtained from birds fed D1 followed by those of D3 (70.60%) while the least value of 64.52% was obtained from birds fed D4. There were significant differences (P<0.05) in all the organ proportions measured except the heart, kidney and crop. There was no significant effect (P>0.05) of treatment on haematological indices measured. Total protein, albumin, glucose were similar (P>0.05), but significant differences (P<0.05) existed in values of other blood biochemical indices measured. Lowest feed cost per kg weight gain of 418.50 was obtained from birds fed D3 while the highest feed cost per kg weight gain of 550.56 was gotten from birds fed D4. Highest gross marginal profit of 794.47 was obtained from birds fed D3 followed by 697.91 and 692.12 from D1 and D2 while least values of 494.26 was obtained from D4. The replacement of dietary fish meal with poultry dropping-maggots meal (PDM) for broilers did not show any adverse effect on the birds. However, this study indicated that the replacement should not go beyond 10% PDM for fish meal for optimum performance and cost effective broiler production.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Information 1
1.2 Objectives
of the Study 3
1.3 Statement of Problem 3
1.4 Justification 4
CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The
Role of Nutrition in Animal Production in Nigeria 5
2.1.2 Nutrient
requirement of broiler chickens 6
2.1.2 Protein
requirement of broiler chickens 6
2.1.3 Energy
requirement of broiler chickens 8
2.1.4 Water
requirement of broiler chickens 9
2.1.5 Fat
requirement of broiler chickens 10
2.2 Poultry Wastes 10
2.2.1 Production of poultry waste 11
2.2.2 Processing and preservation
of poultry wastes 12
2.2.3 Nutritive value of dried poultry wastes 14
2.2.4 Feeding value and acceptability of poultry
droppings (wastes) 18
2.2.5 Health hazard of feeding
poultry waste 19
2.2.6 Limitation inherent in the
value of dried poultry manure 20
2.2.7 Other beneficial uses of
poultry waste 20
2.3 Maggot 22
2.3.1 Production of maggots 22
2.3.2 Processing of maggots 23
2.3.3 Factors influencing the availability of maggot 25
2.3.4 Biological value/
acceptability of maggot 26
2.3.5 Biodegradation
of Manure by House-fly Larvae (Maggot) 27
2.3.6 Chemical composition of maggot meal 29
2.3.7 Utilization of maggot meal in poultry diets 33
2.4 Blood
Constituents 35
2.4.1 Haematological
parameters 35
2.4.2 Serum
biochemical indices 42
CHAPTER
3
MATERIALS
AND METHODS
3.1
Experimental Site 45
3.2
Procurement And Processing
of Poultry Dropping - Maggots 45
3.3
Experimental Diets 45
3.4
Chemical Analysis 47
3.5
Experimental Birds and
Management 47
3.6 Experimental
Design 48
3.7 Data
Collection 48
3.7.1 Determination
of growth parameters 48
3.7.2 Carcass
evaluation 48
3.8 Blood
Profile 49
3.9 Economic
of Production 51
3.10 Statistical
Analysis 51
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Proximate Composition
of Experimental Diets and Test Ingredient 54
4.2 Growth
Performance of Broilers Fed Poultry Dropping-Maggots
Meal (PDM) (7-56days) 56
4.3 Economics of Production of Broilers Fed Poultry Droppings-Maggot Meal
Diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 58
4.4 Carcass Characteristics of Broilers Fed Poultry
Droppings-Maggot Meal
Diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 60
4.5 Organs Weights of
Broilers Fed Poultry Droppings-Maggot Meal Diets
(PDM) (7-56day) 62
4.6 Haematological Parameters of Broilers Fed Poultry Droppings-Maggot
Meal Diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 64
4.7 Serum
Biochemistry of Broilers Fed Poultry Droppings-Maggot
Meal
Diets (PDM)
(7-56day)
66
CHAPTER
5
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 67
5.2 Recommendation 67
References 68
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Chemical analysis of dpw showing
proteins, energy, amino acid
and other nutrient on an air dry basis (in percentages). 16
2.2 Proximate composition of maggot meals
31
2.3 Amino acid composition of maggot meal 32
2.4 Normal range of haematological
parameters of chicken
42
2.5 The normal range of serum biochemical indices of broiler
chicken 44
3.1 Composition of experimental diets
for broiler chicken 46
4.1 Proximate composition of experimental diets and
test ingredient 54
4.2 Growth performance of broilers fed poultry
dropping-maggots
meal (PDM) (7-56days) 56
4.3 Economics of production of
broilers fed poultry droppings-maggot meal
diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 58
4.4 Carcass characteristics of broilers fed poultry droppings-maggot meal
diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 60
4.5 Organs weights
of broilers fed poultry droppings-maggot meal diets
(PDM) (7-56day) 62
4.6 Haematological
parameters of broilers fed poultry droppings-maggot
meal Diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 64
4.7 Serum biochemistry of broilers fed poultry
droppings-maggot meal
diets (PDM)
(7-56day) 66
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
A major
factor limiting animal production in developing countries is inadequate
availability of feedstuffs for providing required nutrients. Now-a-days much
emphasis is being given on the utilization of cheap, suitable and sustainable
alternative or non-conventional protein feed resources and animal waste in
feeding livestock and poultry.
With an
increasing number of large industrial poultry farms in these zones, protein
feed resources are greatly challenged to the extent that small and medium scale
poultry enterprises are squeezed out of access to these resources. Feed as part
of the general production input in monogastrics account for about 70 - 80% of
the total current cost of production (Bouquet and Fiems, 1988; Al-Qazza.z et al., 2016).
Any
effort towards reducing the cost of protein feed resources will highly reduce
the cost of livestock production and poultry product in particular. For the
highly expensive feed resources, poultry dropping-maggot would seem to satisfy
the criteria for alternative.
Poultry wastes
are the droppings from poultry birds. It has been shown to be potential source
of both nitrogen and energy for livestock in providing low-cost feed components
(khattab et al., 1982; Spoelstra, 1983). The crude protein of broiler litter
and caged layer dropping is 28% or even higher (El-Sabban et al., 1970 and Fontenot et
al., 1971). Nitrogen from poultry waste has been shown to be efficiently
utilized by livestock (El-
Smith and Calvert, 1976).). Incorporation of poultry dropping has been reported to reduce the
cost of concentrate up to 35% and the cost of production by 11.7% (Devyatkin et al., 1983) and also minimize the
effects of its contribution to environmental pollution in areas of intensive
poultry production. More importantly, it solves partially the shortage of the
animal’s requirements of protein and/or energy during the dry season. Chemical
composition and nutritive value of poultry waste have been studied by a number
of workers (Polin et al., 1971,
El-Ashry et al., 2000). It has attracted
the interest of animal nutritionists all over the world because of its richness
in nitrogen, calcium (5.4%), phosphorus as P2O, magnesium as MgO
(0.335%) and minerals (Rhanjhan, 1990; SPFG, 1994). In Nigeria, about 932.5 tonnes of
poultry manure is produced annually due to the well-established poultry and
livestock industries which are expanding at 6-8% annually (Adejinmi, 2000).
Maggot,
the larvae form of housefly (musca
domestica) grow extensively on poultry dropping or organic waste in a short
period of 2 to 3 days where it digests them to odour free with high nutritive
value. Maggots are readily available and free from competition between animal
and man. Housefly maggots are rich in protein and energy (Atteh and Ologbenla,
1993) and as dietary ingredient supplies more than the required amino acid
complements for broiler chicks (Teotia and Miller, 1973). Maggots have an amino
acid profile that is superior to groundnut cake and soybean (NRC, 1984;
Adejinmi, 2000).
Maggots have partially supplemented fishmeal in diet of
fish including mud catfish fingerlings (Ajani et al., 2004; Sogbesan et
al., 2005; Ogunji et al., 2006, 2008). The qualities of housefly maggots are indicative that it has potential
to replace some of the expensive protein supplements in livestock feeds if well
processed. Maggots are ready for harvesting in 5 to 6 days. Indeed 10,000
capacity poultry farm has been estimated to have the capacity for generating
1.5 tonnes of housefly larvae monthly (Atteh, 2002). Its inclusion in upgrading the poultry droppings will further
improve the biological value of the droppings, thus its nutritive value in the
feed for broiler chicken.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The broad objective of this study is to evaluate poultry
dropping-maggot as feed resource for broiler chicken.
The specific
objectives are:
i.
To determine the optimal
inclusion levels of poultry dropping-maggot (PDM) for broiler chicken.
ii.
To determine the effect of the
different inclusion levels of poultry dropping-maggots meal on growth
performance of broiler chicken.
iii.
To determine the different
inclusion level of poultry dropping-maggot (PDM) on the carcass and organ
characteristics of the broiler chicken.
iv.
To determine the different inclusion
levels of poultry dropping-maggot (PDM) on the haematology and serum chemistry
of the broiler chicken.
v.
To evaluate the economics of
production of feeding different dietary levels of poultry dropping-maggot to
broiler chicken.
1.3 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
The average protein need for adult is 0.75g/kg/day (FAO/WHO/UNU,
1985). The developing countries (which Nigeria belongs) fall far below the
expected average of this value. This is because of low productivity of animal
protein and the poverty level of the populace.
Animal production is highly hampered by high cost of
production in which feeding constitute about 60-70% of the cost due to high
cost of conventional feedstuff, thus , there is need to source for alternative
by the use of non-conventional substitutes.
Poultry droppings have been reported to contain high crude
protein level of 28- 31% (Banerjee, 1996).
Maggot from Musca domestica
is also high in protein, energy and essential amino acid (Spoelstra, 1983). Upgrading the poultry dropping with
maggot may further improve its biological value.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
The incidence of high cost and scarcity of protein
source for animal feed has led to the search for alternative sources of
protein.
Several studies have been done with poultry droppings
and poultry waste in feeding livestock, and some others have used poultry
droppings to breed or culture maggot as source of protein for livestock. It is
believed that a combination of poultry and maggot will result in both bulk and
likely improve the protein and energy content compare to poultry dropping only.
At the end of this research study, the optimal inclusion level of these feed resource
might probably be established.
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