ABSTRACT
The present study
was aimed at the isolation and antibiogram study of Salmonella spp from various poultry feeds (starter, grower and
layer feeds) and fecal droppings in some selected poultry farms in Umudike. 144
samples (72 feed samples and 72 fecal dropping samples) were used for the study
and all the samples were cultured on Salmonella-Shigella agar and the organisms were identified using
biochemical tests and by Gram staining, the microbial load of the organisms
were determined by carrying out 5 fold serial dilution of the samples. The
biochemical results and Gram staining results showed that all the isolates from
the samples were Salmonella spp. The
prevalence of Salmonella was highest
in the poultry droppings than in the poultry feeds. The highest number of Salmonella spp occurred in the feed
samples for growers (37.5%) while the lowest occurred in the starters (20.8%)
while the highest occurrence of Salmonella
in fecal droppings was 66.67%. The highest TVC of Salmonella isolates in the feeds were 118.67± 1.15 x 105Cfuml-1
while the highest TVC in the fecal droppings was 145.00±6.56x105 Cfuml-1.The
antimicrobial testing showed that the isolated Salmonella spp were highly sensitive to Gentamycin, Ciprofloxacin
and Ofloxacin, moderately sensitive to Erythromycin and Streptomycin but highly
resistant to Augmentin and Ampicillin.
The present study indicates that Salmonella
spp are more prevalent in the fecal droppings of poultry birds than in the
feeds of poultry birds. The study also indicates that Ciprofloxacin and
Ofloxacin can be used as first line therapies for Salmonella gastroenteritis from poultry sources.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
List of Tables ix
List of Figures
x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER
ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the study 1
1.2 Aim of the study 3
1.3 Objectives of the study 3
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General overview of Salmonella 4
2.1.1 History of Salmonella 4
2.1.2 Taxonomy and Nomenclature of Salmonella 4
2.2 Pathogenesis of Salmonella 5
2.3 Epidemiology of Salmonella contamination in poultry products 6
2.4 Salmonella
Contamination 7
2.4.1 Sources of Salmonella 8
2.4.2 Clinical manifestation of Salmonella 9
2.5 Clinical prevalence of Salmonella spp among
poultry products 9
2.6 Chicken as a reservoir of Salmonella 11
2.7 Isolation of Salmonella from Chicken 12
2.7.1 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry fecal droppings 14
2.8 Characterization of Salmonella 14
2.8.1 Cultural characteristics of Salmonella spp
14
2.8.2 Biochemical characteristics of Salmonella 15
2.5 Antibiogram study of Salmonella
16
CHAPTER
THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Description of study area 18
3.2 Sample collection and Sample sizes 19
3.3 Transportation of Samples 19
3.4 Preparation of Media
22
3.5 Determination of microbial load 22
3.6 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry feeds
23
3.7 Isolation of Salmonella from Poultry fecal droppings 23 3.8 Identification
of the Isolated organisms 23
3.8.1 Gram staining 23
3.8.2 Biochemical test of the isolates 24
3.8.3 Methyl Red test 24
3.8.4Voges-Proskeaur test 24
3.8.5 Catalase test 24
3.8.6 Oxidase test 24
3.8.7 Citrate test 25
3.9 Antibiogram study of the Salmonella
isolates 25
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT
4.1 Result 26-37
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Discussion 37
5.2 Conclusion
40
5.3 Recommendation
40
References
LIST OF TABLES
1. Study design 18
2. Biochemical reaction of the Salmonella spp isolated from all the
tables 28
3.
The frequency of Salmonella spp in the various feed
samples in NRCRI and MOUAU poultry
farms from April to July 2016.
29
4. The
frequency of Salmonella spp in fecal
dropping samples in NRCRI and MOUAU poultry farms from April to July 2016. 30
5. Microbial
load for Starter feeds and droppings 35
6. Microbial
load for Grower feeds and droppings 36
7.
Microbial load for Layer feeds and droppings 37
LIST OF FIGURES
1. Study design 18
2. Antibiotic sensitivity
profile of Salmonella isolates from Amobyng poultry feeds and fecal droppings
collected from MOUAU
31
3. Antibiotic sensitivity
profile of Salmonella isolates from Top poultry feeds and fecal droppings
collected from NRCRI
32
4. Antibiotic sensitivity
profile of Salmonella isolates from vital poultry feeds and fecal droppings
collected from NRCRI 33
5. Antibiotic sensitivity
profile of Salmonella isolates from Amobyng poultry feeds and fecal droppings
collected from NRCRI 34
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
TO THE STUDY
Salmonella
are rod shaped gram negative bacteria of the Enterobactericeae family (OIE,
2006). The genus consist of two (2) specie; Salmonella
enterica and Salmonella bongori, and
are non spore forming, predominantly motile Enterobacteria with cell diameters
between approximately 0.7 and 1.5 um lengths from 2-5um and peritrichous
flagella (flagella that are all around the cell body). They are chemotrophs,
obtaining their energy from oxidation and reduction reactions using organic
sources. They are also facultative anaerobes capable of surviving with or
without oxygen. More than 2300 serotypes exist based on 67 “O” antigen (for non
motile species) and the numerous antigens (for motile species) recognized thus
far (Blood et al., 2003).
The development of the poultry industry was described
as the fastest means of bridging the protein deficiency gap in most developing
nations. This has concomitantly required
trade in hatching eggs, day old chicks, feed concentrates and additives from
various controlled and uncontrolled, local and international sources (Al-Nakhli
et al., 1999; Gene, 2006). Poultry
immediate micro environment includes the housing, the feed they consume,
climatic and management factors which are reported to have effects on the performance
of the birds (Apantanku, 2006). From various studies conducted, poor
performance, feeds and feeding, diseases and pests have been tagged major
constraints to poultry production in Nigeria. Infections due to Salmonella spp. continue to cause global
concern of morbidity and mortality in human and animals as well as significant
economic losses. Salmonellosis occurs mainly by a fecal-oral route through the
consumption of contaminated feed and water (WHO, 2010).
Sources of Salmonella
infections into poultry farms include contaminated feed and feed ingredients, water, equipments,
personnel, rodents and hatchery related unhygienic activities (Ricardo and
Brazil, 2012; Roth, 2012).
Salmonella
is a primary inhabitant of the gastro intestinal tract and is recognized as one
of the most common causes of food borne infections and human death (mead et al., 1999). Salmonella is also reported to cause widespread food borne zoonotic
infections in both developed and developing countries (Ostean, 1999). The
united state centre for disease control and prevention, reported the
implication of human Salmonella
infection outbreaks with poultry, accounting for more than 50% of such
outbreaks (Roth, 2012).
There is an increase in the number of resistant
strains of Salmonella isolated from
poultry and poultry environment, and this has been attributed to the widespread
use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine (Anthony et al., 2001). Salmonella isolates from poultry and fed with antibiotics as growth
hormones, could exhibit resistance to antibiotics. Collington (2003) reported
the successful reduction in prevalence of antibiotic resistant strains of Salmonella due to stringent controls of
antibiotics and surveillance of antibiotic resistance pattern in populations.
However, such resistance patterns are not needed in
developing countries like Nigeria. This resistance occurs due to the
indiscriminate and continuous use of sub therapeutic doses of antibiotics. This
study was designed to select the appropriate antibiotics against Salmonella determining the resistance
and sensitivity patterns of the isolates with the view to make people more
prudent in the use of antibiotics.
1.2 AIM OF THE
STUDY
The aim of the study to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. from various feed
samples and fecal droppings from some selected farms in Umudike and a further
assessment of their sensitivity patterns to different standard antibiotics.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF
THE STUDY
In view of the above considerations, this project work
was undertaken within the following objectives.
i.
To isolate and identify Salmonella from the various test feed
samples and fecal droppings.
ii.
To determine the
prevalence of Salmonella spp in the
various feed samples and fecal droppings.
iii.
To determine the
microbial load of the various feed samples and fecal droppings.
iv.
To study the
susceptibility of the Salmonella
isolates to standard antibiotics.
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