SAMONELLA SPECIES ASSOCIATED WITH POULTRY DROPPINGS, POULTRY FEED, POULTRY LITTERS AND POULTRY DRINKING WATER SOURCES

ABSTRACT

This study was conducted to isolate and identify Salmonella in feeds, droppings, water and litters in poultry farm in Umudike, Abia State during the period of July to September, 2018. A total of 45 samples were taken from four (4) poultry farms located in Umudike area. The samples includes; poultry feed from feeders (9 samples), droppings (12 samples), litters (12 samples), and drinking water from drinkers (12 samples). Isolation of Salmonella was carried out in differential and selective medium (SSA) after enrichment in Selenite-F-broth. After incubation, colonies were identified by cultural characteristics and biochemical reactions like indole test, hydrogen sulphide production (H₂S) test, citrate utilization test and Gram staining techniques. Twenty three  Salmonella spp were isolated (51.1% of the total isolates). Number of samples without growth was found to be 22(48.89%).

TABLE OF CONTENTS

title page                                                                                               i

certification                                                                                             ii

dedication                                                                                                 iii

acknowledgements                                            iv

table of contents                                                                   v

list of tables                                                                                vi

abstract                            vii                                                                             

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 Introduction                                                                                           1

1.1 Classification of Salmonella                                                            2

1.2 Aim                                                                                                 3

1.2.1 Objectives                                                                                  3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 Literature Review                                                                         4

2.1 Salmonella                                                                                    4

2.2 Cultural Characteristics                                                                4

2.3. Biochemical Characteristics                                                        5

2.3.1 Analytical Profile Index (API) for Enterobacteria                    5

2.4 Antigenic Structure                                                                      6

2.5 Serological Tests                                                                          6

2.6 Pathogenicity of Salmonella                                                   

2.7 Drug Susceptibility                                                                         7

.2.8 Incidence of Salmonella in Poultry                                             8

2.9 Incidence of Salmonella in Animal and Poultry Feeds                9

2.10 Incidence of Salmonella in Man                                                 11

2.11 Control of Salmonella Infection                                                 11

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                 13 

3.1Specimen Collection                                                13

3.2 Media Preparation                                                                          13

3.3.1 Inoculation of Specimens                                                          15

3.4Gram Staining                                                                    16

3.41 Biochemical Test                                                         16                       

3.4.2Indole Test                                                          16

3.4.3 Citrate Utilization Test                                                              16

3.4.4 Hydrogen Sulphide (H₂S) Production                                       16

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0Results                                                                                            17 4.1Discussion                                                                                            22

CHAPTER FIVE 

5.0 Conclusion                                                                                    24

5.1 Recommendation                                                                         24

REFERENCES

 LIST OF TABLES

Tables                                    Title                                          Page

1:No. of Isolates from Different Samples Location                                   19

2:Morphological and  Biochemical Characteristics Salmonella spp                21                                                                                           

CHAPTER ONE

1.0     INTRODUCTION

Members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are Gram-negative, non-spore forming rods. Some of them are human and animal pathogens producing enteric infections and food poisoning. The genera of pathogenic importance in poultry include Salmonella and Escherichia (Dumen et al., 2015). Salmonella as a group of microorganisms has long been recognized as an important zoonotic pathogen of worldwide economic significance in animals, birds and man. They are intestinal bacteria which give rise to enteritis and typhoid-like disease. The early observation of the disease was made by Eberth who described the typhoid bacillus in the tissue of a dead patient, and the organisms was isolated by Salmon in 1885 and named after him (Herikstad et al., 2012). Avian Salmonellosis is an acute or chronic disease of fowl caused by different species including S. pullorum (Pullorum disease), S. gallinarum (Fowl typhoid), S. arizonae (arizonae infection), S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis and others (paratyphoid infection) (Carter and Wise, 2014). Salmonellosis in poultry resulted in continuous increase of public health problems as stated by Dumen et al., 2015). Contamination of poultry meat with Salmonella was investigated by many scientists in Sudan as well as in other countries. In the Sudan, 21 Salmonella enteritidis was isolated from embryonated eggs. Yagoub and Mohamed studied the occurrence of Salmonella in poultry carcasses in Khartoum State; twenty three serotypes were identified and most of them were S. mons and S. amek. S. auganda, and S. sandiego were also isolated from poultry ration in the Sudan. During 1990s, S. enteritidis infection increased in Europe (Nilakovic et al., 2010; Pitol et al., 2011). In Portugal, 57% out of 300 chicken carcasses yielded salmonellae when they were tested by swabbing method. Demonstrated serotypes were S. enteritidis (66%) S. derby (4%), S. typhimurium (3%) and S. brado (1%) (Vose et al., 2010).

1.1 Classification of Salmonella

The scientific classification of Salmonella was described by (Hafez 2015) as follows:

        Domain:Bacteria

        Kindom: Monera

        Phylum: Proteobacteria

        Class: Gamma Protobacteria

        Order: Enterobacteriales

         Family: Enterobacteriaceae

        Genus: Salmonella

Recent advances in Salmonella taxonomy divide the genus into two species: Salmonella bongori and Salmonella enterica (Le Minor and Popoff 2012). S. bongori contains less than 10 serovars while S. enteric contains more than 2500 serovars and are divided into six subspecies namely enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae, houtenae and indica. All centers of disease control and prevention recommended that Salmonella species should be named by their genus and serovar e.g. Salmonella typhi instead of Salmonella entrica subspecies enteric serovar Typhi. Most commonly, the Salmonella are classified according to serology. The main division is first by the somatic (O) antigen and by the flagellar (H) antigen. (O) Antigen is of a lipopolysaccharide nature and (H) antigen of protein nature (Kauffmann White and Scheme 2010). The genus Salmonella can roughly be classified into 3 groups (Hafez and Jodas 2010). Group I includes highly host adapted and invasive serovars such as S. gallinarium, S. polurium in poultry and S. typhi in human. Group II includes non-host adapted and invasive serovars such as S. typhimurium, S. arizonae and S. entertidis. Group III contains non-host adapted and non invasive serovars, most of these serovares are harmless for animals and human.

1.2 Aim

This work is aimed at examining the occurrence of Salmonella spp in poultry equipment like litters, poultry droppings and feed

1.2.1 Objectives

The core objectives of this research are;

To swab and culture poultry equipment like litters, poultry feed and poultry droppings

To isolate Salmonella Spp from the examined poultry equipment, feed and droppings

To check the rate of occurrence of Salmonella in poultry equipment, feed and droppings

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