ABSTRACT
The work evaluated the microbiological and physicochemical properties of drinking water from different source in Umudike. A total of one hundred water samples, comprising of twenty samples each of rain water, borehole water, stream water, sachet water and bottled water where analyzed for physicochemical and microbiological qualities . The results obtained show that the temperatures of the water were more or less ambient (28.25°c to 29.70°c) while the turbidity was between 2.35NTU to 5.03 which all passed the minimum requirement. Also the total solids 17.99mg/L (bottled water) to 184.08mg/L (stream water), the dissolved solid 16.12mg/L (bottled water) to 140.23( stream water) and suspended solid 1.88mg/L (bottled water) to 69.90mg/L( stream water) were all within permissible limit. Chemical properties of the water shared significant varieties with ph in the range of 5.89(borehole water) to 6.69(bottled water) and hardness 8.08mg/L (bottled water) to 70.25mg/L (borehole water). The chemical content and the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) were all within permissible limits while nitrate (0.01 and 0.05mg/L) pass only in the packed water and fail (0.15mg/L to 3.29mg/L) and other waters. The bacteria load was higher in the stream water with mean value of 1.93x107cfu/mL while the bottled water had the least (1.03x102 cfu/mL). coliform count varies from zero in the bottled water to 11.05 cells/ 100mL in the stream water while in the borehole water, rain water and sachet had less than 1.0 cells/100mL. The bacteria flora show many different species with varying levels of occurrences ranging from 0% occurrences for the enterics (shigella and salmonella) in the packaged waters 90.0% for staphylococcus species in the open water. The presence of coliforms in the water called for public health concern on envisaged risks of water borne disease for the users of the waters.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification
ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of contents vi
List of tables ix
List of figures
x
Abstract xi
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
of the Study 1
1.2 Aims 4
1.3 Objectives 4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Water 5
2.2 Types
of Drinking Water in Umudike 5
2.2.1 Stream Water 5
2.2.1.1 Different types of Stream
Water 6
2.2.2. Borehole Water 6
2.2.3. Rain Water 7
2.2.4. Sachet Water (Pure Water) 7
2.2.5 Bottled Water 7
2.3 Microbiological
and Physicochemical Properties 8
2.3.1
Water Quality 10
2.3.2
Standards 10
2.3.4
Categories 11
2.3.5
Human Consumptions 11
2.3.6
Industrial and Domestic Uses 12
2.3.7
Water Quality Changes 13
2.3.8
Water Quality Challenges 13
2.4 Biological Indicator of Water Quality 13
2.4.1 Environmental Significant Of Water Quality 16
2.4.2 Environmental Indicators 17
2.4.3 Use in assessment 19
2.4.4 Indicator systems and communicating them 20
2.5 Microorganisms Associated with Water 21
2.6 Water Borne Disease 25
2.7
Infections by types of Pathogens
(Microorganisms) 27
2.7.1
Protozoa 27
2.7.2 Bacteria 28
2.7.3 Virus 29
2.7.4 Algae 29
2.8 Surveillance 39
CHAPTER 3
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1.
Source and materials. 31
3.2. Sampling
and Preparations 31
3.3.
Media Preparation 31
3.4 Microbiological
Analysis of Water 31
3.4.
Determination of Microbial Load 32
3.5. Determination
of microbial flora of water. 33
3.5.1. Isolation of microorganisms in water. 33
3.5.2 Characterization
of microbial Isolates. 34
3.5.2.1
Characterization of fungi isolates. 34
3.5.2.2
Characterization of bacteria isolates 35
3.5.3 Identification of microbial isolates 35
3.5.4
Gram staining 36
3.5.5 Determination of Biological Oxygen Demand 36
3.5.6 Determination of Mpn (Most probable number) test 37
3.5.7 Determination of Citrate test 38
3.5.7 Catalase test 38
3.5.8 Indole test 39
3.5.9 Determination of occurrence 39
3.6.0 Determination of PH 39
3.6.1 Determination of total solids, total dissolved solid, total
suspended solid and Turbidity.40
3.6.2 Determination of temperatures 41
3.6.3 Determination of Hardness 41
3.6.4 Determination of sulfate 41
3.6.5 Determination of nitrate 41
3.6.6 Determination of chloride 42
chapter 4
RESULT
4.1 Bacteria
load of water from different sources in Umudike 42
4.2 Show
the bacteria load of drinking water from different sources in Umudike. 42
4.3 Shows
the coliform count of the different drinking water in Umudike 44
4.4 Occurrence
of bacteria isolate in different sources of drinking water in Umudike 45
4.5 Physical
properties of drinking water from different sources in Umudike 46
4.6 Chemical
properties of drinking water from different sources in Umudike 46
REFERENCES
Table 2: Occurrence of bacteria isolate in
different sources of drinking water in Umudike.47
Table 3: Biochemical Characteristics of isolate 50
Table 4: physical properties of drinking water from different sources
in Umudike. 51
Table 5: chemical characteristics of drinking water from different
sources in Umudike52
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig 1: show the bacteria load of drinking
water from different sources in Umudike.48
Fig 2: Shows the coliform count of the different
drinking water in Umudike 48
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
Water is a useful resource for
domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes and plays a vital role in body
metabolism and proper functioning of the cells (Buchholz, 2008). Despite this
fact, water pollution and fresh water depletion are the two main environmental
problems in Nigeria (Bank, 2007) .The economic burden of environmental
degradation owing to water pollution is very huge in Nigeria when it comes to
restoring the quality of life and installing controls (Edema,2001). In Nigeria,
pollution of surface water has become a threat in urban areas. It is known that
surface water of the country is mainly polluted from untreated industrial
effluents, municipal waste water, runoff remaining pesticides, oil and lube
spillage etc. (WWF, 2008 and Hasan, et at., 2013).
According to the World Health
Organization (WHO), 89% of the world population consumes drinking water from
improved drinking water sources (WHO& UNICEF, 2013). Improved drinking
water sources include piped treated water connections, public standpipes and
protected dug wells (Atlanta, 2012). However, improved drinking water sources
can still be contaminated by heavy metals from various sources (Guidotti, et
al., 2015).Bottled drinking water consumption has been steadily growing in all
parts of the world for the past 30 years, and it is now the most dynamic sector
of the entire food and beverage industry. Globally, consumption has increased
by an average of 12% per year, in spite of its high unit price compared with
tap water (Rosborg, et al 2005). Worldwide demand of drinking water is
increasing because of increasing population. Drinking water must be free from
chemicals and microbial contaminations because these are risk to human health.
Good quality drinking water is essential for the well-being of all people.
Therefore for the benefit of public health, it is important to analyze the
physical and chemical properties including the trace element contents of
natural water (UN Conf. 2002). Moreover, water quality control is a crucial
part of environmental pollution studies. (Kot, et al., 2000 and Soylak, et al.,2010).
Thus investigations on the quality of drinking water and concurrently on the
environmental pollution have been going on worldwide. But the real fact is that
despite having the WHO’s guidelines for drinking water quality (WHO. 2008),
water pollution has been increasing in the most of the countries over recent
decades (Eruola, et al.,2011 &Vaishnav, et al 2011).
One of the most critical problems of
developing countries is improper management of vast amount of wastes generated
by various anthropogenic activities. More challenging is the unsafe disposal of
these wastes into the ambient environment. Water bodies especially freshwater
reservoirs are the most affected. This has often rendered these natural
resources unsuitable for both primary and/or secondary usage (Matinini, et al.,
2003). Industrial effluent contamination of natural water bodies has emerged as
a major challenge in developing and densely populated countries like Nigeria.
Estuaries and inland water bodies, which are the major sources of drinking
water in Nigeria, are often contaminated by the activities of the adjoining
populations and industrial establishments (Yang, et al., 2002). River systems are the primary means for
disposal of waste, especially the effluents, from industries that are near
them. These effluent from industries have a great deal of influence on the
pollution of the water body, these effluent can alter the physical, chemical
and biological nature of the receiving water body (Sangodoyin, 2001).
Increased industrial activities have
led to pollution stress on surface waters both from industrial, agricultural
and domestic sources (Bothwell, et al.,
2007). Wastes entering these water bodies are both in solid and liquid forms.
These are mostly derived from Industrial, agricultural and domestic activities.
As a result, water bodies which are major receptacles of treated and untreated
or partially treated industrial wastes have become highly polluted. The
resultant effects of this on public health and the environment are usually
great in magnitude (AOAC, 2004). Over
the last years, in many African countries a considerable population growth has
taken place, accompanied by a steep increase in urbanization, industrial and
agricultural land use. This has entailed a tremendous increase in discharge of
a wide diversity of pollutants to receiving water bodies and has caused undesirable
effects on the different components of the aquatic environment and on fisheries
(APHA, 2002). As a result, there is growing appreciation that nationally,
regionally, and globally, the management and utilization of natural resources
need to be improved and that the amount of waste and pollution generated by
human activity need to be reduced on a large scale.
Bathing and swimming in streams and
river are also common among children and adults in the local community. The probability of ingesting infective dose
of disease causing microorganism is very high considering the fact that water
borne pathogens generally have low infective dose. The objective of this work is to evaluate the
general bacteriological and physicochemical parameters of the sources of water
used for drinking. (Vander 2003)
Microbiological water analysis is a
method of analyzing water to estimate the numbers and determines the
concentration of microorganisms present in the water sample.
Physicochemical Analysis of Water
from Various Sources and Their Comparative Studies. Water is one of the most
important of all natural resources known on earth. Physicochemical and
biochemical aspects of the water have been investigated to assess the quality
of water.
1.2 Aims
To evaluate the microbiological and
physiochemical quality of different sources of drinking water.
1.3 Objectives
·
To determine the bacteria
load in different sources of drinking water
·
To isolate and identify
bacteria in water samples from different sources
· To evaluate the
physiochemical quality of different sources of drinking water
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