ABSTRACT
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of using five different sources of dietary plant protein and enzyme supplementation on productive performance and economics of production of broiler chickens in a 5 x 2 factorial arrangement in a Completely Randomized Design experiment. Two hundred broiler chicks aged one week old were assigned to ten experimental diets. Diet 1contained Cashew Nut Meal(CNM), while Diets 2,3,4,and 5 contained Soyabean Meal(SBM),Groundnut Cake(GNC),Full Fat Soya(FFS) and Cottonseed Cake(CSC) without enzyme supplementation, while Diets 6,7,8,9 and 10 were supplemented with CIBENZA® DP100 which is a protease enzyme in the same order. Each dietary group had 20 birds with 10 birds per replicate. Birds fed Groundnut cake diet (3 and 8) have the highest mean daily intake (110.6g) that was significantly different (P<0.05) from others while Soyameal diet( 2 and 7) gave the best feed- to-gain ratio(2.95) which is closely followed by Full fat soya diet ( 4 and 9) as well as Cashewnut meal diet(1 and 6).Birds fed Cashewnut meal diet(I and 6) had the highest revenue(₦632.59)which was significantly (P<0.05) different from others and performed best. Results indicated that CIBENZA® DP100 supplementation reduced ADFI and was significantly different (P<0.05) from treatments without enzyme supplementation. Treatments with enzyme supplementation had the best feed-to-gain ratio (2.94) compared to those without enzyme supplementation (4.03).It is concluded that enzyme supplementation had tremendous beneficial effect on production parameters and economics of production, while Cashewnut meal performed best among the comparable protein source.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page
ii
Declaration
iii
Dedication
iv
Certification
v
Acknowledgements
vi
Table of Contents
vii-
x
List of Tables
xi
Abstract xii
CHAPTER
1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2
Enzymes Usage in Poultry 2
1.3 Study Objectives
4
1.3.1 Main Objectives 4
1.3.2 Specific Objectives
4
1.4 Justification of the Study
4
CHAPTER
2: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 The roles of poultry in human nutrition
6
2.2
Nutrients requirements of broilers
9
2.2.1 Energy requirements of broiler
chickens 11
2.2.2 Protein requirements of broiler
chickens
12
2.2.3 Water requirements of
broiler chickens 13
2.2.4 Mineral and vitamins requirements of
broiler chickens
15
2.2.5 Cost of feed in recent times 18
2.3
Protease roles in Nutrition
19
2.4
Protease on Nutrients utilization and animal performance 21
2.5
Protease in combination with other enzymes
23
2.6
Pure protease supplementation
25
2.7
Efficacy or impact of protease supplementation
28
2.8
Economic and environmental impact of enzymes utilization in poultry diet
29
2.9 Other factors affecting the bio-efficacy of proteases
31
2.10 Economic approaches of protease
supplementation
32
2.11 Cottonseed meal utilization in poultry
diets
33
2.12 Cashewnut meal utilization in poultry
diets
36
2.13. Utilization of full fat soya in
poultry diets
38
2.14. Utilization of GNC in poultry diets
40
2.15. Utilization of soybean meal in
poultry diets
42
CHAPTER
3: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Location of the study
47
3.2
Enzyme composition
47
3.3
Animal and experimental diet
47
3.4
Experimental birds and managements
48
3.5
Data collection
52
3.6
Cost analysis
52
3.7
Experimental design
53
3.8
Proximate analysis
53
3.9
Statistical analysis
54
CHAPTER
4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
55
4.1 Effect of sources of plant protein on
Performance
56
4.1.1 Performance characteristics of
broiler chickens fed different plant protein diet sources with and without
enzymes supplementation.
56
4.1.2 Average Daily
Feed intake (ADFI) and Total Feed Intake (TFI) of Broilers fed different plant protein diet
sources with and without enzymes supplementation 57
4.1.3 Average Daily
Weight Gain (ADWG) of Broilers fed different
plant protein diet sources with and without enzymes supplementation. 57
4.1.4 Feed to Gain Ratio (FGR) of Broilers fed different plant protein diet
sources with and without enzymes supplementation. 58
4.2 Effect of sources of Plant Protein on
Economics of Production 59
4.2.1 The impact
of different sources of plant protein on
feed cost per kg weight gain 60
4.3 Effect of Enzyme on Performance
61
4.4 Effect of Enzyme on Economics of Production 63
4.4.1The impact
of effect of enzyme on economics of production 64
4.5 Effect of Interaction on Performance
65
4.5.1
The impact of interaction on performance 66
4.6 Effect of Interaction on Economics
of Production 67
4.6.1
The impact of interaction on the economics of production 68
4.7 Discussion
68
4.7.1
Final weight and final weight gained
68
4.7.2 Feed to Gain Ratio 71
5.0
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
73
5.2 Recommendations
74
REFERENCES
LIST OF TABLES
Tables
2.1Nutrient
Requirements of Broilers as percentages or as milligrams or units per
kilogram of diets 17
3.1 Percent composition of broiler
diets containing different protein sources and with and without enzyme supplementation 49
3.2Determined proximate composition of
different test ingredients 50
3.3Determined Proximate composition of the
diet
51
4.1 Performance characteristics of broiler
chickens fed different plant protein diet sources with and without enzymes
supplementation. 56
4.2 Effect of sources of Plant Protein on
Economics of Production 59
4.3 Effect of Enzyme on Performance
61
4.4 Effect of Enzyme on Economics of production
63
4.5 Effect of Interaction on Performance
65
4.6 Effect of interaction on Economics
of production 67
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
The strategic position occupies by poultry industry in
the livestock sector of the Nigerian economy are due to increasing demand for
its products, short gestation period and fast growth rate, greater
affordability, ease of raising, absence of taboos and barrier to production as well
as consumption in all part of the country. Ibe (2004) Obioha (1992a) and
Oluyemi and Roberts (2000) further stated that poultry enjoys a relative
advantage over other livestocks in terms of its ease of management, high
turn-over, quick return to capital investment and wide acceptance of its
product for human consumption. The contribution of poultry meat to overall
animal protein supply cannot be over- emphasized with approximately 370 g/kg of
total animal protein thus there exist great potential for growth and expansion(Khatun et al., 2003). There
is possibility of total demand for meat to double by 2050,thus production of
such an increment in livestock production calls for usage of alternative feed
ingredient to make the appropriate feed amounts meet the needs and sustain
livestock production(FAO, 2012).However, the success recorded recently in the poultry sector is currently being hampered by
increasing feed cost,competitive demand for them by man and animals, scarcity
of conventional feed ingredients
especially animal and plant protein source, that is, fish meal and soyabean meal respectively. This feed cost
account for 70% to 80% of total production cost, in order to minimize it,
various researches had been done to evaluate the nutritive value of alternative
renewable protein sources which can substitute the hitherto expensive, scarce
conventional protein ingredients used in poultry feed. (Obioha 1992,Awodun
et al .,2007),
For alternative protein sources to be economically
viable, it must be inexpensive, locally available and efficient. In addition,
nutritive value should be taken into cognizance during the process of
utilization as it may suffer, thus careful application of enzymes may proffer a
solution.
1.2 ENZYME USAGE IN POULTRY
The supplementation of poultry feed with exogenous
enzymes in order to increase their performance is not a new concept and
research articles in this field date back to the first half of the 20th
century (Hastings, 1946), with the first published article in 1925 (Rosen,
2010). Since then, more than 2500 independent tests on the potency and
utilization of feed enzymes for broilers while more than 450 have emerged for
layers thus representing one of the most heavily researched area in the fields of
Avian Science (Rosen, 2010). Despite this enormous research effort, relatively
few publications have led to genuine paradigm shifts in animal production
efficiency or in the consistency or magnitude of feed enzyme efficacy. One of
the facts that underpins this relatively poor profitability when some 3000
independent tests are contrasted with a fairly modest expansion of mechanistic
understanding is the law of diminishing returns. As expounded by Cowieson and
Bedford (2009) and Cowieson (2010),feed enzymes augment the animals existing
digestive processes and as digestibility of any nutrient cannot exceed 100%,
the chance for an enzyme to generate or elicit a beneficial response is
proportionate to the quantity of undigested nutrients that exit the intestine.
The usage of commercial feed enzymes by poultry producer
was dated back to the late 1980s,of all
the enzymes, the first to gain commercial recognition and acceptance were the
phytases which was followed by carbohydrases. The addition of the enzymes
serves to improve feed digestibility. Specifically, phytases when added to feed
maximizes the phosphorus available which is necessary for cells growth and
repair, carbohydrases on the other hand increase starches and sugars digestibility
both main sources of energy in
the feed.BRI(2014).
Recently, however, because of the escalating cost of
protein feed ingredients have enlarged this focus to add enzymes that can
further digest animal and plant protein in the feed, thereby reducing the
quantity of protein needed.
Consequently, proteases are an evolving group of enzymes
feed additives which are attracting interest as well as traction within the
market. BRI (2014).
Since the addition of protease feed additives into the
market is fairly recent and customers have various commercial protease products
from which to choose, factors for poultry producers to take into cognizance when
deciding which product will work best for their operations includes,
nutritional efficacy, economic returns and compatibility.BRI(2014).
In summary, protease
feed enzyme had made a transformational
transition from laboratory to commercial usage as it possess the following
characteristics; heat-stable, broad-spectrum, robust, optimal working condition
in the animal’s digestive tracts and high environmental compatibility. BRI (2014)
1.3
STUDY OBJECTIVES
The
objectives of the study are as follows:
1.3.1MAIN OBJECTIVES:
i.
To evaluate the performance of
broilers fed different protein sources.
ii.
To evaluate the effects of
protease enzyme supplementation on broilers
1.3.2 SPECIFIC
OBJECTIVES:
i.
To evaluate the performance
characteristics of broiler chickens and effects of protease enzyme
supplementation on different protein sources on nutrient utilization.
ii.
To evaluate economic efficiency
of different protein sources and enzyme supplementation
iii.
To evaluate effect of
interaction between different protein sources and enzyme supplementation on
economics of production of broilers
1.4
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY
Almost
all the existing knowledge with respect to exogenous enzymes usage in poultry
feeds, have been extracted majorly from experiments carried out with rations
which contain high amount of barley, wheat, rye and sunflower (which are mostly
found in the temperate regions) with high cellulose. There seems to be little
or no information available on similar works with how it will work with
tropical feedstuffs compared with temperate feedstuffs.
With the proliferation of various protease enzymes from
different company and claims of nutritional efficacy and benefits accruable in
their usage in poultry feed, it becomes increasingly imperative to ascertain
its potency in tropical alternative protein feedstuffs.
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