ABSTRACT
A total of 360 un-sexed broilers were used to determine the effect of multi-enzyme (Maxi-GrainR) supplementation on the performance of broilers fed two main sources of dietary crude protein. The experimental design was 2 x 3 factorial in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). There were six treatments for each starter and finisher phase. Each treatment was replicated three times with ten broilers per replicate. The experiment lasted four (Experiment 1) and eight (Experiment 2) weeks. The two main sources of dietary crude protein (CP) were groundnut cake (GNC) and soybean meal (SBM) while enzyme supplementation was 0, 0.15 and 0.20%. The performance indices measured were weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio (FRC), protein efficiency ratio (PER), feed cost benefit, carcass and internal organ characteristics. Results showed that there were significant (P<0.05) interaction effect between soybean meal (SBM) or groundnut cake (GNC) diets and enzyme supplementation on broilers final live weight, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, daily protein intake, protein efficiency ratio, cost benefit, carcass and internal organ characteristics. SBM diet supplemented with 0.15% and GNC diet with 0.15% enzyme improved performance, carcass and internal organs of broilers. GNC diet supplemented with 0.15% multi-enzyme significantly (P<0.05) reduced the cost per kilogram weight gain (₦207.13) while SBM diet with 0.20% enzyme gave higher (P<0.05) value (₦297.41). The conclusion was that broilers could be fed SBM diet supplemented with 0.15% multi-enzyme and GNC diet with 0.15% enzyme in the starter or finisher phase without adverse effect on performance, carcass and organ characteristics.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgements v
Table
of Contents vi
List
of Tables ix
Abstract xii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem 3
1.3 Objectives 3
1.4 Justification 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Nutrient Requirement of Broilers 5
2.1.1 Energy requirement 6
2.1.2 Protein requirement 7
2.1.3 Mineral and vitamins requirement 9
2.1.3.1 Minerals 9
2.1.3.2 Vitamins 10
2.2. Factors Affecting Nutrient Requirement of
Broilers 11
2.3 Environmental Factors Affecting Broiler Production 13
2:4 Feed Additives 15
CHAPTER
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Experimental Location 37
3.2
Experimental Broilers and Management 37
3.3
Experimental Diets 37
3.4 Experimental Design 41
3.5 Data Collection 41
3.6 Chemical and Data Analyses 41
CHAPTER
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Proximate Composition of Diets 43
EXPERIMENT 1 45
4.2 Performance
of Broilers 45
EXPERIMRNT 2 60
4.3 Performance of Broilers 60
4.4 Discussion 75
CHAPTER 5 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
a.
Summary 78
b.
Conclusion 79
5.3
Recommendations 79
References 80
LIST OF TABLES
2.1 Requirement for crude protein and
the limiting amino acids for broilers 8
2.2 Dietary amino acid (% of diet)
requirements for high-yielding broilers 9
2.3 Mineral and vitamin requirement
for broiler birds 11
2.4 Vitamins and their sources 16
2.5 Amino acids based on chemical
characteristics 23
2.6 The optimum pH value will vary
greatly from one enzyme to another 34
3.1 Percentage composition for
starter diets 39
3.2 Percentage composition for finisher
diets 40
4.1: Proximate composition of starter
broiler diets composed of two sources
of protein supplement with multi-enzyme (% DM Basis) 43
4.2: Proximate composition of finisher broiler
diets composed of two
sources of protein supplement with
multi-enzyme (% DM Basis) 44
4.3 Effect of source of protein on
performance of finisher broilers 45
4.4 Effect of level of enzyme on
performance of finisher broilers 46
4.5 Effect of interaction between protein source and
enzyme level on
performance of finisher broilers 47
4.6 Effect of protein source on feed
cost of finisher broilers fed
groundnut cake and soybean meal diets 49
4.7 Effect of level of multi-enzyme
on feed cost of finisher broilers 50
4.8 Effect of interaction between
protein source and enzyme level on
feed cost of finisher broilers 51
4.9 Effect of source of protein on carcass
characteristics of finisher broilers 52
4.10 Effect of level of enzyme on carcass
characteristics of finisher broilers 53
4.11 Effect of
interaction between protein source and enzyme level on
carcass characteristics of finisher broilers 54
4.12 Effect of source of protein on organ
characteristics of finisher broilers 56
4.13 Effect of level of enzyme on organ
characteristics of finisher broilers 57
4.14 Effect of interaction between
protein source and enzyme
level on organ characteristics of finisher
broilers 58
4.13 Effect of source of protein on
performance of starter broilers 60
4.14 Effect of level of multi-enzyme
on performance of starter broilers 61
4.15 Effect of interaction between
protein source and enzyme level on
performance of starter broilers. 62
4.16 Economics of source of protein
on performance of starter broilers 64
4.17 Economics of level of
multi-enzyme on performance of starter broilers 65
4.18 Economics of interaction between
protein source and enzyme level on
performance of starter broilers 66
4.19 Effect of source of protein on carcass
characteristics of finisher broilers 67
4.20 Effect of level of multi-enzyme on carcass
characteristics of
finisher broilers 68
4.21 Effect of interaction between
protein source and enzyme level on
carcass characteristics of broiler 69
4.22 Effect of source of protein on organ
characteristics of finisher broilers 71
4.23 Effect of level of multi-enzyme on organ
characteristics of broilers 72
4.24 Effect of interaction between
protein source and enzyme level on
organ characteristics of broiler 73
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Enzyme
supplementation of poultry feeds has become common since last four decades
(Yoruk et al., 2006). Their usage in
non-ruminant diets has provided nutritionists with important tool to improve
feed digestibility, reduce environmental contamination and lower feed cost,
thus, allowing for more flexibility in diet formulation. This is reflected in
better flock performance, better litter quality and improved bird health which
in turn, has a positive influence on production costs (Cowieson and Ravindran,
2008 a, b).
Many
commercial enzymes have been reported to be effective when added to poultry
diets containing large amounts of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) such as
wheat, barley, oats, sorghum, peas and lupins (Selle et al., 2010). Also, there are evidence to the use of these enzymes
when diets are formulated using corn, soybean meal and groundnut cake, which
make up the major energy and protein sources for poultry diets (Cowieson and
Ravindran, 2008a) although corn is believed to be of high and consistent
nutritional values.
Enzymes
are a group of protein molecules with unique ability to catalyze biochemical
reactions. A combination of enzymes such as amylases, proteases and NSP enzymes
assist the animal in digesting segments of feed thereby increasing the energy
available for growth (Jiang et al.,
2008). The responsiveness of corn –based diets to exogenous enzymes has
received considerable attention in recent years due to increasing pressure on
feed formulation from as a result of increase in ingredient prices (Coweison
and Ravindran, 2008a).
Multi-enzyme
is a protein possessing more than one catalytic function contributed by
distinct parts of a polypeptide chain or composed of or involving two or more
enzymes that function in a biosynthetic pathway. According to Dictionary of Biology
(2004), multi-enzyme system ‘is a complex of enzymes within a cell that form a
reaction sequence of a biochemical pathway so that the product of the first
enzyme reaction is transferred directly to the next enzyme and immediately
undergoes a second reaction and so on’.
Multi-enzyme
complex is a multi-enzyme with catalytic domains on more than one type of
polypeptide chain. Multi-enzyme complexes are stable assemblies of more than
one enzyme, generally involved in sequential catalytic transformation. These
are distinct from multi-enzyme polypeptide, in which multiple catalytic domains
are found in a single polypeptide chain (WWW.nature.com).
Multi-enzyme polypeptide consists of a polypeptide chain containing at least
two types of catalytic domains. Catalytic domain is any part of a polypeptide
chain that possesses a catalytic function and it may contain more than one
structural domain. (Moss, 1989).
Exogenous
enzymes have received considerable attention in recent years due to increasing
pressure on feed formulators from rising ingredient prices (Cowieson and
Ravindran, 2008a). Many different trials have shown that the commercial enzymes
have a positive effect on the growth of broilers fed corn-soybean diets (Olukosi
et al., 2007). However, these trials
often examined one type of enzyme in isolation. Under certain economic
conditions, nutritionists are tempted to incorporate in their diets more than
one type of enzyme, assuming that the independent enzyme effects may be
additive (Meng et al., 2005; Cowieson
and Ravindran 2008a, b).
1.2 STATEMENT
OF PROBLEM
The
growing use of alternative feed ingredients in broiler diets is as a result of
the continuous increase in the price of maize; soybean meal and other conventional
feedstuffs. The alternative feedstuffs are mainly agro-industrial by-products
and lesser known tropical legume seeds. These have been associated with high
crude fibre content, low energy and anti-nutritional substances.
Anti-nutritional factors in these alternative ingredients decrease the
metabolizable energy, which has been shown to reduce broiler performance (Angel
et al., 2006)
Multi-enzymes
have the potential to reduce the amount of ammonia found in the manure of the
animals or in the barn air (Zentner, 2011). Ammonia is a major pollutant and
contributes to acidifications of soils, as well as to respiratory problems in
animals and in humans living close to farming operations. By improving manure quality and litter moisture, feed enzymes
could contribute to animal well-being and reduce the occurrence of certain
disease (Zentner, 2001).
1.3
OBJECTIVES
The
broad objective of this study was to determine the effect of multi-enzyme (Maxi-GrainR)
supplementation on the performance of broilers fed soybean meal or groundnut cake
as sources of protein. This was achieved by determining the effect of
multi-enzyme supplementation on:
1.
Growth performance of
broilers.
2.
Feed cost of broiler
production.
3.
Carcass and organ
characteristics of broiler birds.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION
Enzymes improve nutrient availability from feedstuffs
and thereby enhancing digestibility, absorption and metabolism. The high cost
of broiler diets presently in Nigeria suggests that feed efficiency of broilers
should be enhanced to ensure profit in broiler production (Amaefule and
Nwadibia, 2016).
At
the end of the experiment, the levels of dietary inclusion of multi-enzymes
that will give good performance would be determined. Data on nutrient
availability, utilization, performance, carcass composition and economics of
production would enable scientists, poultry farmers and feed millers to use
feed enzymes in enhancing availability of nutrients for poultry birds.
Login To Comment