ABSTRACT
Water distiller is been used for many years for water purification. A small laboratory distiller are also used for laboratory purposes. Many of these distiller have no heat control and water over flow control system. In this work a system is designed control the temperature and over flow water in the distiller. The distiller tank is 5 liters, the design circuit control the heater in the distiller when there is no water to avoid damage of the system and also the overflow water from the distiller. The circuit was constructed and attached to the distiller in which when there is no water in the distiller the heater will not work. The overflow water is also pump back to the main tank of the water supply to the distiller.
Table of Contents
Title page
Declaration ………………………………………………………………………………….i
Certification ………………………………………………………………………………..ii
Approval page ……………………………………………………………………………...iii.
Dedication ………………………………………………………………………………….iv
Acknowledgement
………………………………………………………………………….v
Table of content
……………………………………………………………………………vi
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………vii
Chapter One
General Introduction
1.1
Background of the Study
...........................................................................................1
1.2
Statement of the Problem.............................................................................................
2
1.3
Aim................................................................................................................................2
1.4
Objectives………………………………………………………………..,,,,,,,…..,,,,,,,2
1.5
Significance of the study…………………………………………………..………….2
Chapter Two
Literature Review
2.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................4
2.1 Historical
Background…................................................................................................4
2.2. Application of
Distiillation.............................................................................................5
2.3 Types of Distillation………………………………..
………………………………….5
2.4 Uses of Distillation………………………………………………………………...........7
2.5 Theoretical Analysis…………………………………………………………………….7
2.6 Factors affecting
efficiency of the system………………………………………………8
Chapter Three
Research Methodology
3.0. Introduction…………………
…………………………………………………………8
3.2 Materials
Requirements ………………………………………………………………...8
3.3 Water Output to
reservoir …………….
………………………………………………..10
3.4. Water flow controlling circuit…………………………………………………………..10
3.5 over heating temperature control
circuit…………………………………………………10
3.5 Connection wire and switch……………………………………………………. ……….11
3.7 Method of construction………………………………………………………… ……….11
3.8 Block Diagram…………………………………………………………………. ……….12
3.9 Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………………….. ………..12
Chapter Four
Results and Discussions
4.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………...13
4.1Discussion……………………………………………………………………………..…13
4.2 Efficiency of the system…………………………………………………………………14
4.3 Testing and
Result……………………………………………………………………….15
Chapter Five
Conclusion and
Recommendation
5.0 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………..16
5.1
Summary…………………………………………………………………………………16
5.3 Recommendations..............................................................................................................16
5.2 Conclusion.........................................................................................................................17
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
1.1. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Distillation
is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture
by using selective boiling and condensation (Harwood and Moody, 1989). Distillation may
result in essentially complete separation (Pure components) or it may be a
partial separation that increases the concentration of selected nearly pure
components in the mixture. In either case, the process exploits differences in
the relative volatility of the mixture's components, (Montague, 2007). In industrial
chemistry, distillation is a unit operation of practically universal
importance, but it is a physical separation process, not a chemical reaction, quickly
and effectively (Kennedy, 2001).
To distill water, all you really need is a heat source and a condenser. Since
water has a lower boiling point than contaminants and minerals like salt,
bacteria, heavy metals, calcium and phosphorus, when you boil untreated water,
the water turns into vapor and leaves everything else behind. The heat should
not be much higher than the minimum temperature required to boiling the water
throughout the process because a higher temperature may cause undesirable
elements in the water to also vaporize (Young. G.O, 2005). The water vapor is
routed through the condensing coil where reverts back to liquid form while the
undesirable elements stay in the boiling tank. The water distillation process
has been used by humans since at least 200 CE (Sharma and Mullick, 2002).
Throughout history, the water distillation process was commonly used to distill
seawater in to and leave the salt behind. However, distilling seawater took a
lot of time and money, and it didn’t become efficient and cheap until the (Kleinschmidt,
2009). Still was invented during World War II. Today, seawater is distilled
into freshwater through the use of flash-type evaporators. The most common
water distillers used in laboratory today are small enough to be placed on a
counter or in the corner of the kitchen. The most common type is a batch
distiller where you have to manually pour water into it (Kenneth, C. 1987)The other kind of
Laboratory distiller is a plumbed distiller that is hooked up directly to the
water supply and automatically fills the water distiller. Water distiller is a
machine which is used to purify water using distillation process, which is
related to first boiling impure water after that collecting condensed water in
a separate container (Rezi
and M. Allam, 2000). This distilled water is used in
laboratory, organic chemistry lab, clinic, fermentation and medical industry
etc.
1.2.
STATEMENT
OF THE PROBLEM
Many
parts of the world do not have access to a suitable source of clean drinking
water. Most of the water available in streams, lakes, rivers, sea, etc. carries
parasites or diseases, or is simply not fit for consumption and therefore is a
significant health hazard. Also usually poverty stricken and do not have the
infrastructure necessary to create and support large scale water purification
plants. Thus, there is need for a small scale affordable water purification
system for individual Houses or laboratory.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES
1.3.1 Aim
The
aim of this project is construction of an automatic water distiller using
temperature control and pump.
1.3.2
Ojectives
§ The
objective is to distill (purify) a water using a distilled method
§ To
control the over flow of water in the water distiller.
§ To
control the overheating temperature in the distiller.
1.4
SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE STUDY
Distilling
your own water at laboratory ensures purity and is essential to living and yet
almost every water source including your
tap and even bottled water is in some way contaminated. The Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) which helps protect us, also allows for "safe
"monitored water to contain "acceptable" amounts of toxins like
lead, mercury, chemicals, fluoride, and many more they don't even test for.
Part of the issue is there is not enough resources to properly monitor and
treat the polluted waters that are serving our needs.
The
existing distillers in most of our laboratory are not equipped with temperature
control system and over flow control system. When there is no water in the
distiller, the heater will over heat and caused damage to the distiller. When
the level of water is full, the over flowed water is not utilized, it is
allowed to be a waste and leak to the device.
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