ABSTRACT
The
main aim of any electric power supply in the world is to provide uninterrupted
power supply at all times to all its consumers. Although in developing
countries, the electric power generated to meet the demands of the growing
consumers of electricity is insufficient hence instability and outage.
Power instability or outage in general
does not promote development in the public and private sector. The inventors do
not feel secure to come into a country with constant or frequent power failure.
These limit the development of industries.
In addition, there are processes that cannot be interrupted because of their
importance. For instance, surgery operation in hospitals, transfer of money
between bank and lots more. Power instability and outage in developing
countries (Nigeria) creates a need for alternative source of power to backup
the main supply.
Automatic changeover switches find a
wide application scope wherever the reliability of electric supply from the
utilities is low and it is used in lighting motor circuits wherever continuity
of supply is necessary. For switching to an alternative source from main supply
and vice versa.
This project is a design of an automatic
changeover switch this means that when there is any mains failure, the
automatic changeover switch will change to an alternative power supply
(GENERATOR) and back to the main supply when it is restored.
The purpose of this project is to
maintain constant supply to the main circuit that is being supplied by making
up for the time delay that usually accompanies the manual switching from one
source to another.
The design comprises of the power
connection circuit and control connection circuit. The main components to be
used include contactor, relay, timers, rectifier e.t.c.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Acknowledgements iii
Abstract iv
Table of Contents v
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Aim and Objective of the Project 3
1.3 Scope of the Project 3
CHAPTER
TWO
2.1 Literature Review 5
2.2 Manual Change-over Switch 5
2.3 Automatic Change-over Switch 6
2.4 Related Work 10
2.5 Reasons for Automatic Change-over Switch 16
2.6 Problems of Automatic Change-over Switch 17
CHAPTER THREE
3.1 Methodology (Material and Methods) 18
3.2 Circuit Conductor 18
3.3 Circuit Breaker 19
3.4 Reset Timer 20
3.5 Contactor 21
3.6 Operation of Timer Delay 24
3.7 Principle of Operation 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Construction 29
4.1 List of Component Used 29
4.2 Vero Board 29
4.3 Bread Board 30
4.4 Soldering Iron 33
4.5.1 Testing, Maintenance and Discussion 36
4.5.2 Polarity Test 36
4.5.3 Insulation Resistance Test between the Live and
Neutral Conductors 37
4.5.4 Earthling Test 37
4.6 Maintenance of Contactor and Installation 37
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Conclusion 39
5.2 Recommendation 39
References 40
Bill of Engineering Measurement and
Evaluation (BEME) 41
CHAPTER
ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Power instability in developing
countries creates a need for automation of electrical power generation or
alternative sources of power to back-up the utility supply. This automation is
requiring as the rate of power outages become predominantly high. Research in
the field of electrical electronics engineering has led to the tremendous
discovers and inventions especially in the area of automation and power
control. These invention have been useful in solving the over-in.
Creating problem posed by power
generation, distribution and control, which has been a cause of concern
especially in the third world countries (developing countries) like Nigeria.
Most industrial and commercial process is dependents on electric power and if
process of a change-over is manual, serious time is not only wasted but it
creates room for human error (in the area of change over connections) which could
result in great economic loss.
This project is all about the
construction of an automatic generator change-over panel with timer which aids
in the switching over to alternation power supply authority i.e. Power Holding
Company of Nigeria (PHCN) popularly known as NEPA which is the main power
regulating body in Nigeria. This project consist of circuit breakers,
electromagnetic contactor which carry heavy load current relay which work with
the principle of electromagnetic induction
because it will receive electrical signal to trigger and neumatic timer
all incorporated and interconnected to achieve the desire goal.
Also this project is constructed in such
a way that provision is made for manually operation (it can be operated
manually) when necessary for required for example, in the situation whereby
voltage supplied by the authority (PHCN) is fluctuating and one may decided not
to use it, so the constructed automatic change-over panel can be permanently
switch to generator set temporarily pending the time that utility supply is
stable moreover in the hospital where where surgery operations is needed to be
carry out and power outage for even five second cause damages, one may decide
to neglect the supply from authority (PHCN) and permanently switch the panel to
manual operation pending the time or period by which surgery operation is
completed. During the pending period this change-over will be working
continuously in manual operation. Fill someone or the operation has to switch
over to automatic operation. As said earlier, provision is made for these types
of generation in this project and there is separate switch that performed the
function.
1.2 AIM AND OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The aim of the project is to design and
construction automatic change-over switch load from the mains power supply
(PHCN) to a backup power supply (Generator) with simplicity.
The advantages of this project cannot be
over emphasized, since outage is a major problem is the advent developing
nations like Nigeria, for example, power failure of minute in an airport
terminal can create losses that could run into millions of dollars due to loss
in air traffic system control the ability for back-up to start and change-over
automatically becomes imperative under such circumstances.
Also, this project could play a large
role in the security in banks and companies i.e. an outage of up to ten minute
in an organized setup is enough to do all the damage required with such an
automatic change-over device in place the generator backup would no longer have
to depend on security men and of course reduced fear of system breakdown in the
companies there by ensuring smooth running of economics activities.
1.3 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
Basically, this project is a three phase
automatic change-over device with the power capacity of 50KVA. Generator as
deducted from my calculations it shows that generator of power rating ranging
from 0.5KVA to 50KVA is required to be use for this project though the contacts
of electromagnetic contactor relays and circuit breakers. Also the maximum load
current should be between the ratings of 10A to 90A load current. Therefore the
use of 10 Amperes in this project is because of future extension.
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