ABSTRACT
The increasing demand for sustainable and renewable energy has driven the adoption of solar power systems across various applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of a 2kVA solar photovoltaic (PV) system, optimized for domestic and small-scale commercial use. The system is designed to deliver reliable and efficient energy while minimizing environmental impact. The 2kVA system integrates key components, including solar panels, a charge controller, a battery bank, an inverter, and associated wiring and protection devices. The design process involves a detailed assessment of energy requirements, solar irradiance data, and load profiles to ensure optimal performance. The solar panels are selected based on their efficiency, wattage, and compatibility with the system voltage. A Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) charge controller is used to enhance energy harvesting efficiency, while the battery bank is sized to provide backup power during low sunlight conditions. The inverter, rated at 2kVA, converts the DC power generated by the solar panels and stored in the batteries into AC power for household appliances. The implementation phase includes system installation, wiring, and testing to ensure compliance with safety standards and performance expectations. The system is evaluated for energy efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and scalability, making it a viable solution for off-grid and hybrid applications.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTENT PAGE
TITLE PAGE i
DECLERATION ii
CERTIFICATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
TABLE OF CONTENT vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives 3
1.3.1 Aim 3
1.3.2 Objectives 3
1.4 Justification 4
1.5 Scope of the Study 5
1.6 Significance of the Study 6
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 Automatic Maintenance Systems 6
2.3 Present Research Work 10
2.4 Solar Components Review 11
2.4.1 Solar Panel 11
2.4.2 Solar Charge Controller 12
2.4.3 PWM Charge Controllers 12
2.4.4 MPPT Charge Controllers 14
2.4.5 Battery 15
2.4.5.1 Lead-Acid Batteries 15
2.4.5.2 Lithium Batteries 16
2.4.5.3 Tubular Batteries 16
2.4.6 Inverter 17
2.4.6.1 Square Wave 17
2.4.6.2 Sine Wave Inverter 18
2.4.6.3 Modified sine Wave Inverter 18
2.4.7 Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) Conversion 19
2.5 Advantages 19
2.6 Area of Application 20
2.7 Conclusions 20
CHAPTER THREE: DESIGN METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 21
3.2 Materials 21
3.3 Data and Parameters 22
3.3.1 Solar Panel Properties 22
3.4 Method 23
3.4.1 Design and Simulation of Inverter Using Proteus Software 23
3.5 Design Analysis 24
3.5.1 Load Estimation and Assessments 24
3.5.2 Effective Load Demand (Ac Load) 25
3.5.3 Inverter Sizing 26
3.5.5 Solar Charge Controller 26
3.5.6 Cable Size 27
3.6 Interconnections Diagram of The Installation 28
CHAPTER FOUR: INSTALLATION PROCESS, RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction 30
4.2 Installation 30
4.2.1 Support structure 30
4.2.2 Enclosure 30
4.2.3 Proper Ventilation 31
4.3 Packaging Process 31
4.4 Charge Controller Installation 31
4.5 Battery Installation 32
4.6 Inverter Installation 33
4.7 Bill of Quantity 34
4.8 Conclusion 34
CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 35
5.2 Limitation 36
5.3. Recommendation 37
5.4. Reference 38
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
2.1 Block Diagram of Solar Power System 11
2.2 The graph representation of Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM 13
2.3 PWM charge controller Connection 13
2.4 Power curve for a PV panel with charging ranges for PWM controller 14
2.5 Power curve for a PV panel with charging ranges for MPTT controller 14
2.6 MTTP charge controller connect 15
3.1 Flow Chart of the Solar System installation 16
3.6 Block Diagram of the Installation 17
3.3 The Block Diagram of the installation 18
4.3 Installed Solar PV modules 18
4.4 Complete view MPPT solar charge controller 19
4.5 Installed solar system battery 20
4.6 Plan view of Inverter system 22
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The solar inverter is a vital component in a solar energy system. It performs the conversion of the variable DC output of the Photovoltaic (PV) module(s) into a clean sinusoidal 50 or 60 Hz AC current that is then applied directly to the commercial electrical grid or to a local, off-grid electrical network. A solar cell (also called photovoltaic cell) is the smallest solid-state device that converts the energy of sunlight directly into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A Photovoltaic (PV) module is an assembly of cells in series or parallel to increase voltage and/or current. A Panel is an assembly of modules on a structure. An Array is an assembly of panels at a site. Typically, communication support scheme is included so users can monitor the inverter and report on power and operating conditions, provide firmware updates and control the inverter grid connection.
Solar energy is the most abundant form of energy available to us. It is approximated that 10000 TW worth of solar energy is incident on earth’s surface in a day (Bosshard, 2006). At the heart of the inverter is a real-time microcontroller. The controller executes the very precise algorithms required to invert the DC voltage generated by the solar module into AC. This controller is programmed to perform the control loops necessary for all the power management functions necessary including DC/DC and DC/AC. The controller also maximizes the power output from the PV through complex algorithms called maximum power point tracking (MPPT). The PV maximum output power is dependent on the operating conditions and varies from moment to moment due to temperature, shading, cloud cover, and time of day so adjusting for this maximum power point is a continuous process. For systems with battery energy storage, the two controller can control the charging as well as switch over to battery power once the sun sets or cloud cover reduces the PV output power (Aditee et al, 2013).
We need constant electricity supply in our homes and industries, and to this end, the need for electricity cannot be over-emphasized. Hence, the need for renewable energy sources for power supply to argue the epileptic power supply from the national grid came to bear. Hence, this research addresses this issue by designing and implementing a 2.KVA solar power system, a noiseless, clean and efficient power source that is capable of generating electricity to power a three-bedroom bungalow.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
Incessant power failure is endemic to Nigeria’s power supply causing disruptions in almost all spheres of life including research institutions, in particular. Most experiments in our University laboratories and research institutes are not finalized and concluded due to the epileptic nature of our public power supply system.
If there is one factor that has perpetually maintained the status of Nigeria as a less developed country, it is its electricity sector. To date, many households and businesses 16 cannot guarantee 24 hours supply of electricity from the public grid.
At this stage of Nigeria’s social and economic development, the country cannot deliver adequate energy to the citizens, despite huge financial resources that have been expended in the sector.
Rather, Nigerians have continued to rely on electricity generators for their power supply, fuel marketers are taking a significant portion of households’ and businesses’ incomes to supply power, and noise pollution from regular humming generators has become an integral part of living for many Nigerians with imaginable consequences on their health.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES.
The following aim and objectives are presented below:
1.3.1 Aim
The main aim of this project is to design and Implementation of 2.5KVA solar system with automatic maintenance efficient and also carry out an upgrade to the existing 2KVA solar based power supply at the department of Electrical/Electron that will serve as an alternative supply of electrical power. that will utilize the appropriate use of office electrical appliances.
1.3.2 Objectives
The main objectives of this project include the following:
1. To provide efficiency, steadiness in the use of power appliances, by ensuring continuous availability of power supply even in the absence of mains.
2. To design a simple and rugged technology; this will utilize the appropriate use of an office or school laboratory.
3. To eliminate all suspense from mains outage during the execution of an important and urgent assignment as may be required.
1.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY
This solar power source makes it possible to provide a clean reliable supply of alternative electricity free of sags or surges which could be found in the line voltage frequency (50Hz). This project design aims at creating a 2000watts power source that can be utilized as a regular power source by the electrical/electron department offices. This project involves the re-design and upgrades of a solar power system to a load of above 2000Watt which involves a solar panel, tubular battery, charge, controller, and an inverter. Furthermore, as a consumer generates their electricity they also will benefit from a reduction in their electricity bills with constant power sources. One of the major limitations of this project work is that the inverter power supply output can only power a maximum load of 2000watt usable within the electrical/electron department with higher efficiency. And it cannot operate equipment or an electronic device that is above its rated current due to some losses during the circuit operation.
1.5 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
The solar inverter is the second most significant (and second most expensive) component of a solar PV system. It’s important because it converts the raw Direct Current (DC) solar power that is produced by the solar panels into Alternating Current (AC) power that comes out of the wall sockets outlet. Inverters also have technology that maximizes the power output of that DC energy.
The use of solar power has many advantages. Firstly, the energy from the sun is free and readily accessible in most parts of the world. Moreover, the sun will keep shining until the world's end. Also, silicon from which most photovoltaic cells are made is an abundant and nontoxic element (the second most abundant material in the earth's crust).
Secondly, the whole energy conversion process is environmentally friendly. It produces no noise, harmful emissions or polluting gases. The burning of natural aresources for energy can create smoke, cause acid rain and pollute water and air. Carbon dioxide, CO2, a leading greenhouse gas, is also produced in the case of burning fuels. Solar power uses only the power of the sun as its fuel. It creates no harmful by-product and contributes actively to the reduction of global warming.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment