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CONSTRUCTION OF AND TESTING OF TOUCH SWITCH SECURITY SYSTEM

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00008528

No of Pages: 44

No of Chapters: 5

File Format: Microsoft Word

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                                                 ABSTRACT


Exploiting of solar energy for domestic use is one avenue where the energy emitted from the sun is converted into electricity to power most, if not all the appliances available at our offices, homes and residences. firstly, appropriate climatic conditions, secondly, inadequate electricity supply during working hours in the Department. Installing a photovoltaic system is the process of designing, selecting and calculating the ratings of the equipment’s employed in the system. This process depends on a variety of factors such as geographical location, solar irradiation, and load requirements. In this Research, the components required for the Installation, selection and maintenance of solar inverter in biomedical engineering department. is being studied as presented herein. The result shows that for a daily energy consumption of 6,640kwh and a load of 1,790W, as required from the energy audit in the Department. The suitable rating is a 3.5kva inverter, 2 pieces of 220Ah & 230Ah, 12 V batteries, 1 charge controller of 60amp24v and 5 modules 450W panels are required for sufficient supply of power.

 

 





TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page -      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Declaration -   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -ii

Approval page -          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -iii

Dedication      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -iv

Acknowledgement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -v

Table of Content         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -vi

Abstract          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -vii

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -1

1.2 Statement of the Problems -         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -2

1.3 Aim and Objectives          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -2

1.4 Research Questions -        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -3

1.5 Significance of the study -            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -3

1.6 Scope and Limitations      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -3


CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction -        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -5

2.2 Solar Power System Configuration and Classifications   -           -           -           -           -5

2.2.1 Directly Connected Dc Solar Inverter or Power System           -           -           -           -5        

2.2.2 Dc Solar Power System with Battery Backup   -           -           -           -           -           -6

2.2.3 Hybrid AC Solar Power System with Generator and Battery Backup  -           -           -7

2.2 Types of Solar PV System            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -7

2.3 Grid-connected solar PV systems -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -8

2.4 Off-grid solar PV systems -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -9

2.4.1 Power Inverter Connection System       -           -           -           -           -           -           -10

2.4.2 Transformer Inverter Connection System         -           -           -           -           -           -11

4.4.3 Fundamental Components of an Inverter Transformer  -           -           -           -           -12

  4.4.4 Construction of an Inverter Transformer           -           -           -           -           -           -13

2.4.5 Working Principle of an Inverter Transformer  -           -           -           -           -           -13

2.5 Project Definition -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -15

2.6.1 Solar Cell Voltage and Current -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -17

2.6.2 Efficiency of Solar Cell.            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -17      

2.6.3    Battery -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -18

2.6.3.1 Types of batteries        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -18


CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 Design of the project         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -20

3.1.1    Solar Panel      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -21

3.1.2    Circuit Breaker -         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -21

3.1.3    Charge Controller       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -22

3.1.4    Inverter           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -23

3.1.5    Battery -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -24

3.1.6    Connecting Cables      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -24

3.1.7    Conduit Pipe   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -25

3.1.8    Earth Rod       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -26

3.1.9    Trucking Pipe -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -26

3.2 Components of a solar PV system            -           -           -           -           -           -           -27

3.3 Installation of solar in biomedical Engineering Department        -           -           -           -27

3.4 Maintenance -       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -27

3.5 Location Description -      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -27

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Results       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           29

4.1.1 Energy Audit  -  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -29

4.1.2 Selection of Best grid  - -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -30

4.1.3 System Sizing -  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -30

4.1.4 Size of Charge Controller  -       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -31

4.2 Discussion -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -31

4.2.1 Size of Inverter  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -31

4.2.2 Panel Sizing -     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -31

4.2.3 Size of Charge Controller  -       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -32

4.2.4 Battery Sizing     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -32

CHAPTER FIVE

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Conclusion -          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -33

5.2 Recommendations -          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -33

References       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -35

 







CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1 Background of the Study

In the generation of electricity, the first process in the delivery of electricity to consumers is termed “Electricity Generation” while the other processes are electric power transmission and electricity distribution. The importance of generation of electricity was revealed when it became apparent that electricity was useful for providing heat, light and power for human needs.

Electricity has been generated for the purpose of powering human technologies for at least 120 years from various sources of energy (Markvart, 2001). The first power plants were run on wood, while today, we rely mainly on petroleum, natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and nuclear power and a small amount of hydrogen, solar energy, tidal harness, wind generators and geothermal sources.

Solar energy is the energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation, which requires no medium for its transmission (Coker, 2004). 

In solar energy, the sun has been acknowledged as the major source of energy to life on our planet since ancient times. The energy supply from the sun is truly enormous on average’s the Earth’s surface receives about 1.2 x 1017W of solar power (Kreider and Kreith, 1997). This means that in less than one hour enough energy is supplied to the Earth to satisfy the entire energy demand of the human population over the whole year.

The term “photovoltaic” comes from the Greek (PV: photo meaning “light” and “voltaic”, meaning electrical, from the name of the physicist Volta, after whom the measurement unit volts are named. The term “photovoltaic” has been in use in English since 1849.

Indeed, it is the energy of sunlight assimilated by biological organisms over millions of years that has made possible the industrial growth as we know it today. Energy source such as photovoltaic are needed to help reduce the levels of green house gases in the atmosphere and alleviate this global warming.

Photovoltaic power generation is reliable, involve no moving parts, the operation and maintenance costs are very low. And also, it creates no atmospheric pollution.

The most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n junction made from silicon. As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type silicon into direct contact with a layer of p-type silicon. In practice, p-n junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way, but rather, by diffusing an n-type doping into one side of a p-type wafer (or vice versa) (Duncan, 2017).

Due to the erratic power supply in the country, which is becoming unbearable each day with its effect on the business and energy, solar powered systems can be used as substitute where there is need for constant supply of power.


1.2 Statement of the Problems

The problem statement is irregular electric power supply; the battery will be constantly charged during day periods without affecting the integrity of the battery during night periods when it will be used as an alternate source if supply from the national grid fails.


1.3 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this project is Installation, selection and maintenance of solar inverter in biomedical engineering department. which is backed up with the following objectives.

·         To enlighten and expose the student to relevance of solar in electricity generation.

·         To upgrade a solar system with at least 18 working hours after fully charge.

·         To install a charge controller so as to prevent backflow of current thereby protecting the solar panel.

·         To ensure the project is done with a reasonable cost of production.


1.4 Research Questions

  1. What is the impact of incorporating solar power systems in the biomedical engineering department on electricity generation,
  2. How can a solar power system be upgraded to provide a minimum of 18 working hours after a full charge, and what technological advancements or modifications are required for achieving this goal?
  3. What are the key considerations and technical specifications in selecting and installing a charge controller to prevent backflow of current, ensuring the protection of the solar panel in the biomedical engineering department?
  4. How can the installation, selection, and maintenance of the solar inverter system be optimized to achieve the project objectives while maintaining a reasonable cost of production?

1.5       Significance of the study

This project work would be of importance to scholars, as an addition to the existing body of knowledge; also complementing the previous research carried out on the same topic. It will provide a fair platform for further research to be carried out on the adoption of solar powered systems.


1.6       Scope and Limitations

The scope of this project is limited to Installation, selection and maintenance of solar inverter in biomedical engineering department. Other applications of solar energy will be neglected.

 

1.6.1        Limitations of The Project

It has been a tradition that in every project work there must be a limitation to limit the work in biomedical engineering department. Since we are students, we will also encounter these problems but overcoming this problems will make us successful at the very end. Some of the problems that limited this project work were;

i.                    Level of literacy.

ii.                  Financial limitations

iii.                Time constraints

iv.                Limited equipment.

Level of literacy: Base on the fact that the person carrying out this project is a student, with little knowledge of the project work, he will find it difficult to acquire information necessary in bringing out the improvement of the work he encountered.

Limited equipment: Notwithstanding, efforts were made to use all the necessary material and equipment gotten so as to make the project work worthwhile.

Financial Constraint: Due to the costs of this project, it was a bit difficult to raise the total money necessary to complete this project.

Time Constraints: The time needed to fully complete this project was considered short, it also served as a constraint factor.



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