ABSTRACT
Exploiting of solar energy for domestic use is one avenue where the energy emitted from the sun is converted into electricity to power most, if not all the appliances available at our offices, homes and residences. firstly, appropriate climatic conditions, secondly, inadequate electricity supply during working hours in the Department. Installing a photovoltaic system is the process of designing, selecting and calculating the ratings of the equipment’s employed in the system. This process depends on a variety of factors such as geographical location, solar irradiation, and load requirements. In this Research, the components required for the Installation, selection and maintenance of solar inverter in biomedical engineering department. is being studied as presented herein. The result shows that for a daily energy consumption of 6,640kwh and a load of 1,790W, as required from the energy audit in the Department. The suitable rating is a 3.5kva inverter, 2 pieces of 220Ah & 230Ah, 12 V batteries, 1 charge controller of 60amp24v and 5 modules 450W panels are required for sufficient supply of power.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - - -ii
Approval page - - - - - - - - - - -iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - -iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - -v
Table of Content - - - - - - - - - -vi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - -vii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - -1
1.2
Statement of the Problems - - - - - - - - -2
1.3
Aim and Objectives - - - - - - - - -2
1.4
Research Questions - - - - - - - - - -3
1.5
Significance of the study - - - - - - - - -3
1.6
Scope and Limitations - - - - - - - - -3
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
- - - - - - - - - - -5
2.2 Solar Power
System Configuration and Classifications - - - - -5
2.2.1 Directly Connected Dc Solar Inverter or Power System - - - -5
2.2.2 Dc Solar Power System with Battery Backup - - - - - -6
2.2.3 Hybrid AC Solar Power System with
Generator and Battery Backup - - -7
2.2 Types of Solar PV System - - - - - - - -7
2.3 Grid-connected solar PV systems - - - - - - - -8
2.4 Off-grid solar PV systems - - - - - - - - -9
2.4.1
Power Inverter Connection System - - - - - - -10
2.4.2 Transformer Inverter
Connection System - - - - - -11
4.4.3 Fundamental Components of an Inverter
Transformer - - - - -12
4.4.4
Construction of an Inverter Transformer - - - - - -13
2.4.5 Working Principle of an Inverter Transformer - - - - - -13
2.5 Project
Definition - - - - - - - - - -15
2.6.1 Solar Cell
Voltage and Current - - - - - - - -17
2.6.2
Efficiency of Solar Cell. - - - - - - - -17
2.6.3 Battery - - - - - - - - - - -18
2.6.3.1
Types of batteries - - - - - - - - -18
CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1
Design of the project - - - - - - - - -20
3.1.1 Solar
Panel - - - - - - - - - -21
3.1.2 Circuit
Breaker - - - - - - - - - -21
3.1.3 Charge
Controller - - - - - - - - -22
3.1.4 Inverter - - - - - - - - - -23
3.1.5 Battery - - - - - - - - - - -24
3.1.6 Connecting
Cables - - - - - - - - -24
3.1.7 Conduit Pipe - - - - - - - - - -25
3.1.8 Earth Rod - - - - - - - - - -26
3.1.9 Trucking
Pipe - - - - - - - - - -26
3.2 Components of a solar PV system - - - - - - -27
3.3
Installation of solar in biomedical Engineering Department - - - -27
3.4 Maintenance - - - - - - - - - - -27
3.5 Location
Description - - - - - - - - - -27
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1
Results - - - - - - - - - - 29
4.1.1 Energy
Audit - - - - - - - - - - -29
4.1.2 Selection of
Best grid - - - - - - - - - -30
4.1.3 System
Sizing - - - - - - - - - - -30
4.1.4 Size of
Charge Controller - - - - - - - - -31
4.2 Discussion - - - - - - - - - - -31
4.2.1 Size of
Inverter - - - - - - - - - -31
4.2.2 Panel Sizing
- - - - - - - - - - -31
4.2.3
Size of Charge Controller - - - - - - - - -32
4.2.4
Battery Sizing - - - - - - - - - -32
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - - -33
5.2
Recommendations - - - - - - - - - -33
References - - - - - - - - - - -35
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of the Study
In
the generation of electricity, the first process in the delivery of electricity
to consumers is termed “Electricity Generation” while the other processes are
electric power transmission and electricity distribution. The importance of
generation of electricity was revealed when it became apparent that electricity
was useful for providing heat, light and power for human needs.
Electricity
has been generated for the purpose of powering human technologies for at least
120 years from various sources of energy (Markvart, 2001). The first
power plants were run on wood, while today, we rely mainly on petroleum,
natural gas, coal, hydroelectric and nuclear power and a small amount of
hydrogen, solar energy, tidal harness, wind generators and geothermal sources.
Solar
energy is the energy transmitted from the sun in the form of electromagnetic
radiation, which requires no medium for its transmission (Coker, 2004).
In
solar energy, the sun has been acknowledged as the major source of energy to
life on our planet since ancient times. The energy supply from the sun is truly
enormous on average’s the Earth’s surface receives about 1.2 x 1017W of solar
power (Kreider and Kreith, 1997). This means that in less than one hour enough
energy is supplied to the Earth to satisfy the entire energy demand of the
human population over the whole year.
The
term “photovoltaic” comes from the Greek (PV: photo meaning “light” and
“voltaic”, meaning electrical, from the name of the physicist Volta, after whom
the measurement unit volts are named. The term “photovoltaic” has been in use
in English since 1849.
Indeed,
it is the energy of sunlight assimilated by biological organisms over millions
of years that has made possible the industrial growth as we know it today.
Energy source such as photovoltaic are needed to help reduce the levels of
green house gases in the atmosphere and alleviate this global warming.
Photovoltaic
power generation is reliable, involve no moving parts, the operation and maintenance
costs are very low. And also, it creates no atmospheric pollution.
The
most commonly known solar cell is configured as a large-area p-n junction made
from silicon. As a simplification, one can imagine bringing a layer of n-type
silicon into direct contact with a layer of p-type silicon. In practice, p-n
junctions of silicon solar cells are not made in this way, but rather, by
diffusing an n-type doping into one side of a p-type wafer (or vice versa) (Duncan,
2017).
Due
to the erratic power supply in the country, which is becoming unbearable each
day with its effect on the business and energy, solar powered systems can be
used as substitute where there is need for constant supply of power.
1.2 Statement of the Problems
The problem statement is irregular
electric power supply; the battery will be constantly charged during day
periods without affecting the integrity of the battery during night periods
when it will be used as an alternate source if supply from the national grid
fails.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The
aim of this project is Installation, selection and maintenance of solar
inverter in biomedical engineering department. which is backed up with the
following objectives.
·
To enlighten and expose the student to
relevance of solar in electricity generation.
·
To upgrade a solar system with at least 18
working hours after fully charge.
·
To install a charge controller so as to
prevent backflow of current thereby protecting the solar panel.
·
To ensure the project is done with a reasonable
cost of production.
1.4 Research Questions
- What is the impact of incorporating
solar power systems in the biomedical engineering department on
electricity generation,
- How can a solar power system be
upgraded to provide a minimum of 18 working hours after a full charge, and
what technological advancements or modifications are required for
achieving this goal?
- What are the key considerations and
technical specifications in selecting and installing a charge controller
to prevent backflow of current, ensuring the protection of the solar panel
in the biomedical engineering department?
- How can the installation, selection,
and maintenance of the solar inverter system be optimized to achieve the
project objectives while maintaining a reasonable cost of production?
1.5 Significance
of the study
This
project work would be of importance to scholars, as an addition to the existing
body of knowledge; also complementing the previous research carried out on the
same topic. It will provide a fair platform for further research to be carried
out on the adoption of solar powered systems.
1.6 Scope
and Limitations
The
scope of this project is limited to Installation, selection and maintenance of
solar inverter in biomedical engineering department. Other applications of
solar energy will be neglected.
1.6.1
Limitations
of The Project
It
has been a tradition that in every project work there must be a limitation to
limit the work in biomedical engineering department. Since we are students, we
will also encounter these problems but overcoming this problems will make us
successful at the very end. Some of the problems that limited this project work
were;
i.
Level of literacy.
ii.
Financial limitations
iii.
Time constraints
iv.
Limited equipment.
Level of literacy:
Base on the fact that the person carrying out this project is a student, with
little knowledge of the project work, he will find it difficult to acquire
information necessary in bringing out the improvement of the work he
encountered.
Limited equipment: Notwithstanding,
efforts were made to use all the necessary material and equipment gotten so as
to make the project work worthwhile.
Financial Constraint:
Due to the costs of this project, it was a bit difficult to raise the total
money necessary to complete this project.
Time Constraints:
The time needed to fully complete this project was considered short, it also
served as a constraint factor.
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