ABSTRACT
The study designs and develops an automatic road traffic sign flasher that illuminates and flasher automatically in the dark in order to enhance visibility and readability of traffic road sign by road users. The circuit was developed using circuit wizard software with the following major components and subsystems, light dependent resistor, photo-sensor circuit system, arrays of light emitting diodes, switching and oscillatory systems. Implementation of the low cost traffic flasher helps at ameliorating road accidents experience in the dark as well as enhancing other road and safety management.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Declaration ii
Dedication iii
Certification iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of contents vi
List of table’s vii
List of figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study 1
1.2 Statement of Problem 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study 3
1.4 Scope of the Study 3
1.5 Justification 4
CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 General Overview 5
2.2 Traffic Signs and Road Markings in Nigeria 7
2.3 Classification of Traffic Signs and Road Markings 8
2.3.1 Regulatory signs 8
2.3.2 Warning signs 11
2.4 Required Components 14
2.4.1 NE555 Timer integrated circuit (IC) 14
2.4.2 Light dependent resistor (LDR) 16
2.4.3 Capacitor 17
2.4.4 Resistor 18
2.4.5 Light emitting diodes (LED) 19
2.4.6 Transistors 19
2.4.7 Diodes 20
CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHOD
3.1 Materials 29
3.2 Method 29
3.2.1 The block diagram 29
3.2.2 Design calculation 31
3.2.3 Components and circuit reliability assessment 34
3.2.4 Flow chart diagram 35
3.2.5 Circuit design 36
3.2.6 Construction 37
3.2.7 Bread boarding 38
3.2.8 Printed circuit boarding 38
3.2.9 Casing construction 40
3.2.10 Precautions 40
3.3 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation 41
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Results 42
4.2 Input and Output Waveform 42
4.3 Discussion 43
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion 44
5.2 Recommendation 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDIX 48
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Bill of Engineering Measurement and Evaluation 41
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 The Regulatory (Prohibitory) signs for road users 10
2.2 Regulatory Signs (Mandatory) for road users 10
2.3 Warning Signs for road users 11
2.4 Some examples of information signs 13
2.5 Diagram of a 555 timer IC 14
2.6 Internal configuration of 555Ic timer 16
2.7 Symbol of light dependent resistor (LDR) 16
2.8 Symbols of resistors 18
2.9 Schematic symbol of LED 19
2.10 Structures and symbols of NPN and PNP transistors 19
2.11 Configuration of the switching modes of an NPN Transistor 20
2.12 Diagram showing the symbol of diode 21
2.13 Characteristics of PN junction diode 24
2.14 A typical transformer 24
2.15 Transformer construction 26
2.16 Step-up and step-down transformers 26
3.1 Block diagram of the circuit 30
3.2 Diagram of the oscillation circuit 31
3.3 The flow chart diagram 35
3.4 Schematic diagram of automatic road traffic sign flasher 36
3.5 LED array for “turn left ahead” signage of the Automatic road traffic sign Flasher 37
3.6 “Turn left ahead” signage of the automatic road traffic sign flasher 38
3.7 The Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Layout of the Circuit 39
4.1 The input waveform of the system 42
4.2 The output waveform of the system 43
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 Complete Soldering of the Light Emitting Diode (LED) 48
Plate 2 Permanent Soldering of the Complete System on a PCB 48
Plate 3 Display of the Energized Project 49
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Traffic signs are signs which use words and/or symbols to convey information to road users. They provide visual information to drivers by warning them from possible danger on the road, setting rules for pedestrian protection, informing people about their environment (Sheila et al., 2013). They are erected at the side of or above roads to achieve maximum visibility especially at night. Later, signs work directional arms were introduced (Wikipedia the free encyclopedia. 2017). Traffic signs, including road markings, road studs, bollards, traffic signals and other devices must convey a clear message to the road user. The messages are simple and easily understood. It is conveyed and positioned on the road for the drive and passer-by to be able to react appropriately (Federal ministry of works, Nigeria. 2013). A road sign has three most important characteristics: color, shape, and pattern, which are designed to be different from each other. The information of road sign is acquired from the basic meaning through the combination of these three properties. Thus, most of the solutions rely heavily on these features of road signs (Fang, et al., 2004). Also, Sheila et al., (2013) assert that traffic sign recognition (TSR) is a challenging task due to illumination changes, scene complexity, and weather conditions. They maintained that high motion velocity may cause blurred images when taken from a moving car. In addition, road signs may be disoriented, damaged, or partially occluded.
Road traffic signs which could be in form of instruction, warning of hazards, information about routes, destinations and points of interest or leisure are mandatory for road user to obey. These devices can therefore be regarded as the primary means of regulating, warning or guiding traffic on all streets and roads (Road transport and safety agency 2013). Traffic and road signs are placed in specific areas to ensure the safety of drivers and to manage the road traffic. These signs instruct drivers when to stop, speed specification, which path to follow, etc. It is important to have a clear understanding of all the signs to ensure your safety and those of others as well.
As road traffic volume increases every day in the country adopting pictorial signs which is visible at day and night becomes a necessity for the enhancement of road safety. The provision of traffic signs and road markings are essential for the efficient and safe operation of the road network. Road with poor signage or badly maintained signs are unsatisfactory on the roads and cannot operate full traffic carrying capacity. Standardized traffic signage and road markings are a prerequisite for effective traffic control (Federal ministry of works, Nigeria. 2013).
Technological advancement has bridged these situations and thus provides innovations necessary for achieving such safety on the road. In this work an effort is made to design and construct an automatic road traffic sign flasher for effective use of the road by road users.
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM
In Nigeria, huge sums of money have been spent on road development. However, these roads have been plagued by a number of problems which have significantly reduced the utility of the roads (Road sector development, 2015). In 2011, Nigeria had the second largest road network in Africa. Between 1978 and 1987 the motor vehicle fleet is reported to have increased by 183 percent as a result of increased motor vehicle ownership. Approximately 90 percent of passengers and freight rely on the road network for transportation. According to the Nigeria Road Safety Strategy 2012, the average fatality rate on Nigeria roads over the last five years is five per 100 000 populations, that is, an average of 5 000 deaths and 21 000 injuries per annum. One of the strategic goals contained in the Nigeria Road Safety Strategy is to improve road infrastructure for all users by, inter alia, defining design standards for all roads and performing safety assessments on roads. This includes the strategic activities of developing and implementing national standards on traffic signs and road markings and preventing the defacement of road signs and illegal construction of speed bumps on highways. In the light of this, this project work seeks to improve road safety management by minimizing the risks of road accidents by constructing an automatic road traffic sign flasher system.
1.3 AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
The aim of this study is to design and construct an automatic road traffic sign flasher while the specific objectives include:
1.) Design and development of the circuit’s printed circuit board (PCB)
2.) Construction of the power supply circuit
3.) Construction of the oscillator and photo-sensor circuits.
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY
This project is limited to the design and construction of an automatic road traffic sign flasher. This is to help curb the rate of accident occurrence on our roads by providing instructions to road users.
1.5 JUSTIFICATION
The number of people dying as a result of road accident in Nigeria has reached an alarming proportion as accident rates increases towards the end of the year especially as from the month of September (Ojo, 2008). Analysis of the traffic crashes recorded over a five-year period of 2000 - 2006 showed that 98,494 cases of traffic crashes were recorded out of which 28,366 were fatal and resulted into deaths (FRSCN Report, 2009). This revealing statistics shows that Nigeria is placed among the fore front nations experiencing the highest rate of road tragedies in the world. It has been observed that must of these accidents occur in the night. This could be as a result of the invisibility of the road signs. Hence, the need for a road traffic sign flasher justifies this study.
Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects
FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!
+(234) 0814 780 1594
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment