POST-COMBUSTION PROCESS ANALYSIS OF FUELS FOR CO2 CAPTURE FROM TAIL PIPE EMISSION OF LOW EXHAUST ENGINES USING TEMPERATURE SWING ABSORPTION TECHNOLOGY

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ABSTRACT

The Increase use of fossil fuels has resulted in higher greenhouse gas emissions and the rise in global warming. This study applied the post-combustion process to capture CO2 from engines powered on diesel, petrol and blended biodiesel. Exhaust emissions were measured using a gas analyzer model called IMR 1000-4 for the various engines. The engines include: diesel trucks, petrol light commercial buses, passenger cars, and petrol-biodiesel car. An amine-based adsorbent (MonoethanolAmine) through Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) was used to capture CO2 from the exhaust gases. The CO2 capture process was modeled using Aspen HYSYS V8.8. A source code was developed using Engineering Equation Solver (EES) to estimate the mass balance, energy, and exergy analysis of the system. The results shows that the average CO2 emission was highest for heavy-duty trucks, accounting for 17.53 volume percent followed by 15.1 volume percent for light commercial vehicle models from 1980 to 1999. In contrast, heavy commercial vehicle models from 2000 to 2014 exhibited the lowest CO2 emissions, ranging from 9.8 volume percent to 9.6 volume percent. The system achieved a CO2 capture rate of 1.9 kg per liter of fuel consumed by an internal combustion engine, with CO2 capture rates of 92%, 85%, and 75% observed for diesel trucks, petrol engines, and the biodiesel, respectively. The energetic efficiency (EE) and exergetic efficiency (ExE) ranged between 58.30% and 64.14%, and 47% and 53%, respectively. The exergy destruction (ED) gap between biodiesel and diesel was approximately 45%, while petrol exhibited a gap of about 32.22%. A sensitivity analysis using an Artificial Neural network (ANN) was used to determine the response and the factors influencing the level of CO2 captured from the exhaust fuels. The results indicated the importance of independent variables: MEAmine (0.96), temperature (0.84), mass flow (0.77), and pressure (0.38). The performance of the model was evaluated using the Relative Error (RE); the model achieved a minimal RE of 0.047 (4.7%). Furthermore, the predictability coefficient (R2) yielded a value of 0.958, indicating excellent model performance. In conclusion, CO2 can be captured from greenhouse gas emissions and as such could help to reduce the effect of climatic change in developing countries such as Nigeria.







TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

Cover page                                                                                                                              i

Title page                                                                                                                                ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Certification                                                                                                                           v

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                vi

Table of Contents                                                                                                                    vii

List of Tables                                                                                                                          x

List of Figures                                                                                                                         xi

Nomenclature                                                                                                                         xiii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  xv

 

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background of Study                                                                                                  1

1.2       Statement of Problem                                                                                                 3

1.3       Aim and Objectives                                                                                                    3

1.4       Scope of Study                                                                                                            4

1.5       Justification of the Study                                                                                            4

 

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emission                                                        5

2.2       Co2 Capture Technologies                                                                                          6

2.2.1    Post-combustion capture for power plants                                                                 6

Membrane-based separation                                                                                       9

Chemical absorption                                                                                                   11

2.3       Absorbent Selection for CO2 Capture from Exhaust Gases                                       14

2.4       Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) Methodology                                                17

2.4.1    Vehicular emission carbon capture and TSA application for internal

            combustion engines                                                                                                    19

2.5       Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil                                                          20

2.6       Thermodynamic (Energy and Exergy) Assessment of Carbon Capture                       21

2.7       Knowledge Gap                                                                                                          23

 

CHAPTER 3: MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Materials                                                                                                                     25

3.2       Methods                                                                                                                      25

3.2.1    Data collection                                                                                                           25

3.2.2    Experimental biodiesel production, separation and purification                                    26

3.2.3    Equipment setup and exhaust gas measurement                                                        27

3.2.4    TSA system description for CO2 capture                                                                   28

3.2.5    Thermodynamic assessment of the CO2 capture system                                            30

Energy analysis of system                                                                                          30

            Exergy analysis                                                                                                           35

3.2.6    Optimization of the system's energy/heat transfer rate using computational

            fluid dynamics   (CFD) simulation                                                                             38

 

CHAPTER 4: RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1       Exhaust Emission Output                                                                                           43

4.2       TSA Carbon Capture from Fuels                                                                                46

4.3       Thermodynamic Analysis Results                                                                              46

4.3.1    Thermodynamic state point pproperties                                                                     47

4.3.2    Energetic and exergetic performance of the system                                                   48

4.3.3    Heat input impact on exergetic efficiency (ExE) and energy efficiency (EE)           49

4.3.4    Impact of heat input on the exergy destruction (ED)                                                 50

4.4       CFD Heat Exchanger Simulation Result                                                                    52

4.4.1    Pressure distribution in the heat exchanger                                                                52

4.4.2    Velocity distribution in heat exchange                                                                       53

4.4.3    Temperature distribution in heat exchanger                                                               54

4.5       Sensitivity Analysis and Result Validation                                                                55

4.5.1    Potential CO2 variable contribution using machine learning

            (Artificial neutral network) model                                                                             56


CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1       Conclusion                                                                                                                  59

5.1.1    Contributions to knowledge                                                                                       60

5.2       Recommendations                                                                                                      60

REFERENCES                                                                                                                       61

APPENDIX                                                                                                                            72

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF TABLES

 


3.1       Categories and details of the vehicle data sampled                                                    26

3.2       Models for exergy balance, exergy of product, exergy of fuel and

            exergy efficiency.                                                                                                       37       

3.3       Boundary Conditions                                                                                                  41

3.4       Properties of Stainless steel                                                                                        41

3.5       Mesh Statistics                                                                                                            42

4.1       Material and composition stream simulation result for CO2 capture system            46

4.2       State point results of thermodynamic parameters                                                      48

4.3       Result of performance parameter of the system                                                         49

4.4       Comparison of the fluid temperature prediction at the outlets                                    55

 

                       

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIST OF FIGURES


2.1       Schematic representation of a power plant that captures CO2 after combustion.    7

2.2       Shows a process diagram for membrane separation.                                                 11

2.3       Schematic of a basic chemical absorption mechanism for CO2 capture system 12

3.1       The block diagram showing the flow process for the CO2 capture system.                        29

3.2       The block diagram showing the flow process for the CO2 capture

            modelling using Aspen hysys system.                                                                        29

3.3       Combusion of fuel                                                                                                      31

3.4       Heat Exchanger Model Geometry                                                                              39

3.5       Model Mesh                                                                                                                42

4.1a     Average CO emission value of vehicle                                                                      45

4.1b     Average NOx emission value of vehicle                                                                    45

4.1c     Average CO2 emission value of vehicle                                                                     45

4.1d     Average O2 emission value of vehicle                                                                        45

4.2       Variation of exergy and energy efficiency on heat input                                            50

4.3       Variation of heat input on exergy destruction for diesel fuel                                     51

4.4       Variation of heat input on exergy destruction for biodiesel and petrol fuel                   51

4.5       Pressure magnitude and distribution plot: (a) Single channel, parallel flow

            (b) Multi-channel, parallel flow (c) Single channel, counter flow

            (d) multi-channel, counter flow                                                                                  52

4.6       Velocity magnitude and distribution plot (a) Single channel, parallel flow

(b) Multi-  channel, parallel flow (c) Single channel, counter flow

(d) Multi-channel, counter flow                                                                                 53

4.7       Temperature magnitude and distribution plot (a) Single channel, parallel flow

(b) Multi-channel, parallel flow (c) Single channel, counter flow

(d) Multi-channel, counter flow                                                                                 54

4.8       Graphical representation of the temperature drop along the flow path of the

refrigerant system.                                                                                                      55

4.9       Network Architecture for the CO2 prediction model                                                 57

4.10     Variation of predicted value with CO2 composition mole fraction                                    57

4.11     Predicted normalized contribution importance for CO2 composition

mole fraction                                                                                                              58

 



 

 

 

 

NOMENCLATURE

 

E                                         Exergy ( )

                                       Enthalpy of formation ( )

                                  Control volume

m                                        Mass ( )

                                       No of mols (mol)

                                     Heat in control volume ( )

                                        Compression ratio

s                                   Entropy ( K)

T                                         Temprerature ( )

                                    Work in control volume ( )

ABS                            Absorber

AC                               Air compressor

CCS                             Carbon capture and storage

CND                            Condenser

EES                             Engineering equation solver

EOR                            Enhance oil recovery

EU                               European union

FFA                             Free fatty acid

GHG                            Greenhouse gas

GT                               Gas turbine

HE                               Heat Exchanger

ICE                              Internal combustion engine

IGCC                           Integrated gasification combined cycle

MEA                           Monoethanolamine

ORC                            Organic rankine cycle

PCC                             Post-combustion CO2 capture

PSA                             Pressure swing adsorption

TSA                             Temperature swing adsorption

VSA                            Vacuum swing adsorption

WFG                           Waste fryer grease

 

 


 

 

 

 


CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION


1.1       BACKGROUND OF STUDY

The industrial revolution paved the way for modern manufacturing, transportation, and fast economic expansion. This development helped fuel the rising energy consumption need (Kumar et al., 2021). 2030 global energy consumption will increase by 50% (Rajendra et al., 2014). The bulk of energy produced is fueled mainly through burning fossil fuels, which releases pollutants like greenhouse gases (GHG) into the atmosphere. The Climate is changing dramatically, resulting in some menaces such as draughts, floods and hunger (Albuquerque et al., 2020). One of the most harmful pollutants that enter the atmosphere is released while burning fossil fuels, in which the Carbon dioxide (CO2) constitute the chief GHG (Butt et al., 2012). Since 1751, human activities through through industrial processes have caused the atmosphere to lose around 1.5 trillion tons of CO2. Transport-related CO2 emissions accounted for 24% of all fuel-related emissions globally and expected to increase by 60% by 2050.

The transport sector is vital to a country's economy, and the number of vehicles on the road has increased over the past century. Approximately 10% of the world's car owners live in developing nations, and just over 20% of the world's transportation energy is consumed in these nations (Nepal, 2015). The transportation industry, which accounts for about 25% of the CO2 emissions caused by human activity, meets the world's oil demand. About 75% of the direct CO2 emissions in the sector are caused by motor vehicle emissions (Kodjak, 2015). Urban areas are under environmental stress due to the steady increase in vehicles, which is notably responsible for poor air quality. Disorganized road systems, inefficient cars, tampered gasoline, and traffic congestion contributes to mobile source pollution (Assamoi et al., 2010). The effects of traffic congestion, movement rate, maintenance condition, and vehicle life duration are also used to determine the level of automotive pollution (Nasir et al., 2016). The story of emission concentration has explicitly increased because of poor vehicle maintenance culture and the immigration of old vehicles. These activities result in an automotive fleet dominated by "super emitters" vehicles with high emissions of dangerous pollutants. These worrying circumstances are caused by developing nations' weak economic conditions. However, due to the vast effect of climate change caused by the GHGs, various studies have been channelled to cob these emissions from the transportation sector. Some studies have recommended using electric cars, but this technology faces several drawbacks. Some of the challenges of using electric vehicles include the cost of the batteries, high energy density or weight and the need for infrastructures to charge them (Kurien et al., 2020; Sharma and Maréchal, 2019). One of the most promising technologies is Post-combustion CO2 Capture (PCC).

The post-combustion CO2 capture technique (PCC) offers simplicity of deployment in the present system. This method requires more applications in vehicular sources to harness CO2 from gaseous emissions, especially in developing nations like Nigeria. Based on the European Automobile Manufacturers Association, the European Union manufactured 2.7 million commercial automobiles in 2016 (European Commission, 2019). This figure demonstrates the great opportunities for CO2 capture technologies for vehicles. However, some challenges, such as the mobility nature of cars, the interrupted emissions, and the lack of available space for CO2 storage, could be hindrances to optimum CO2 capturing from vehicle sources. Hence, there is a need for critical understanding and assessment of CO2 capture for vehicles. The European Environmental Agency estimates that the road transportation industry produced roughly 0.746 giga tonnes of Carbon dioxide emission in 2015, dominated mainly by diesel, petrol and biodiesel vehicles (Sharma and Maréchal, 2019). Although some studies have established that using biodiesel increases CO2 emissions., most studies contend that this does not affect global warming since plants utilize the CO2 produced by this process in their photosynthetic process  (Agarwal and Das, 2001; Alleman et al., 2016; Çelebi and Aydın, 2018; Körbitz, 1999; ÖRS and BAKIRCIOĞLU, 2016; SUGÖZÜ et al., 2010; Yesilyurt, 2019).


1.2       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

The practices of fuel adulteration, poor road conditions, and importation of substandard fuels and vehicles contribute to increased atmospheric emissions. These problems are faced particularly in developing countries like Nigeria's transport sector. Most sources of these menaces include vehicle engines fueled by diesel, petrol and some potential biodiesels. The transportation sector's high emissions levels necessitate further studies to mitigate them. However, these circumstances present significant potential for CO2 capture to cob the emission problem through absorbent compounds. Therefore, there is a need to harness some promising methods to capture CO2 from these sources, which will thus constitute this research's novelty.


1.3       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study is to apply post-combustion process analysis of fuels for CO2 capture from tail pipe emission of vehicle engines.

Specific objectives are:

1.     To measure and compare the post-combustion of fuels from tail pipe exhaust engines.

2.     To apply Temperature Swing Adsorption (TSA) to capture CO2.

3.     To evaluate the thermodynamics performance of the system - Energetic and Exergetic analysis of the CO2 capture system.

4.     To optimize the system's energy/heat transfer rate using Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation.

1.4       SCOPE OF STUDY

The scope of the study is limited to:

1.      Post-combustion processes involved in CO2 capture from tail pipe emission of exhaust engines mainly from petrol, diesel, and their blends to form bio-diesel.

2.     The study only extends to the ORC system to exhaust waste and heat recovery system.

3.     The study also examines the pressure, temperature and velocity gradient across different heat exchanger configurations, precisely parallel and counter flow types.

1.5       JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is the most emphasized technology to decrease CO2 emissions from fuel sources to the atmosphere. Also, CO2 separated from flue gases can enhance oil recovery (EOR) operations, where CO2 is injected into oil reservoirs to increase the mobility of oil and reservoir recovery. Based on economical and environmental considerations, applying efficient and suitable technology to capture CO2 is necessary. Pure CO2 has many applications in food/beverage and chemical industries, such as urea and fertilizer production, foam blowing, carbonation of beverages and dry ice production, or even in the supercritical state as a supercritical solvent.

 

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