ABSTRACT
Bacteriological and physicochemical analysis of pipe-borne water used in Umuahia, Abia State were analyzed bacteriologically and physicochemically using standard methods. Total viable counts was by pour plates techniques, while most probable number (MPN) counts were by the multiple tube fermentation technique. The physicochemical attributes revealed that the temperature and the pH of the water samples were within the range 27-300C and 6.5-7.5 respectively, which was found to be normal according to WHO standards of water. The total viable counts for all the water sample were generally high exceeding the limit of 1.0 x 102 cfu/ml for water. The MPN/100mL counts were determined after the presumptive, confirmatory and completed tests were carried out. Water from Amachara was found to have the highest count of about 4.25 colonies/100mL of water to 7.15 colonies/100mL of water, which could be as a result of broken pipes or leakages. The faecal coliform count on EMB agar plates ranged between 1.5-7.2 x 102 also exceeding the standard limit for water. The isolated organisms were identified to be Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella species, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas species, Shigella species, Streptococcus and Klebsiella species. This water is not potable for consumption. The safety of the pipe-borne water can be enhanced through proper sanitary survey and facility maintenances, by proper supervision with regular bacteriological assessment of the water using the water standard criteria.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Page
Title
Page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement
iii
Table
of Contents iv
List
of figures v
List
of Tables vi
Abstract
vii
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Aim and Objective 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0
Literature Review 6
2.1
Water 6
2.2
Sources of Water 6
2.3
Surface Water 6
2.4 Ground Water 7
2.5
Bacteriological Analysis of Water 7
2.6
Indicator Organisms 8
2.6.1 Coliforms 9
2.6.2 Faecal
Coliforms 9
2.6.3 Escherichia
coli 10
2.6.4 Faecal Streptococci 12
2.6.5 Other Indicators 12
2.7.0 Method
for Sanitary Analysis of Water 13
2.71 Most probable number technique
13
2.7.2 Presence-Absence Tests 14
2.7.3 Plate Count Technique
14
2.8 Physicochemical Properties of Water
16
2.8.1 Physical Properties 17
2.8.1.1 Colour 17
2.8.1.2 Taste 17
2.8.1.3 Odour 18
2.8.1.4 pH 18
2.8.1.5 Temperature 19
2.8.1.6 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 19
2.8.1.7 Turbidity 19
2.8.1.8 Conductivity/Electrical
Conductance 19
2.8.1.9 Corrosivity 20
2.9.2 Chemical Properties 20
2.9.2.1 Hardness of Water 20
2.9.2.2 Acidity 21
2.9.2.3 Metal
Ions (Cations) 21
2.10 Current
Regulations and Surveillance of Drinking Water 24
CHAPTER
THREE: MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1
Study Area 2
3.2
Sample Collection 26
3.3
Bacteriological Methods 27
3.3.1 Media Preparation 27
3.3.2
Enumeration, isolation and identification 27
3.3.3 Identification and Characteristics
of Isolates 28
3.3.3.1 Cultural Examination 28
3.3.3.2 Gram Staining 28
3.3.3.3 Test for Motility (Stab Culture
Technique) 29
3.3.3.4.Catalase Production Test 29
3.3.3.5 Oxidase Test 29
3.3.3.6 Coagulase Test 30
3.3.3.7 Citrate Test 30
3.3.3.8 Urease Production Test 30
3.3.3.9 Carbohydrate Utilization Test 31
3.4 Test
For Coliforms 31
3.4.1 Presumptive
Test 31
3.4.2 Confirmed
Test 32
3.4.3 Completed
Test 32
3.4.4 Physicochemical
Analysis of Water Samples 32
3.5 Bacteriological
Analysis 33
3.5.1 Isolation
of Microorganisms 33
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT 34
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION,
RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUTION
5.1 Discussion
39
5.2 Conclusion 40
5.3 Recommendation References
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Pages
1. Total counts of indicator
bacteria. 34
2. Coliform count MPN/100mL 35
3. Frequency of occurrence of the bacteria
isolates in the water samples.
36
4. Physicochemical properties of the water
sample collected. 37
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Water management is the foundation for the
prevention and control of water borne diseases and assessment of drinking water
quality is important for sustainable development. Not only the shortage in
quality, but also the compromised quality of municipal pipe water has become a
major public health issue (WHO,2010). In many developing countries, availability
of water has become a critical and urgent problem and it is a matter of great
concern to families and communities depending on non-public water supply system
(Okonko et al., 2009). Water plays an
indispensable role in sustenance of life and it is a key pillar of health
determinant, since 80% of diseases in developing countries are due to lack of
good quality water (Cheesbrough, 2006)). Approximately three out of five
persons in developing world and only about one in four have any kind of
sanitary facilities (Mengesha et al., 2004).
Water is a common resource quite abundant in nature but unfortunately not readily
available to man in the form desired. Water is fundamentally important to all
plants, animals and man (Ajewole, 2005). Water is essential for life and life
evolves in water. It is significant due to its unique chemical and physical
properties (Obi and Okocha, 2007). The key to increase human productivity and
long life is good quality water (Urbanky and Magnuson, 2002). The provision of
good quality household for drinking water is often regarded as an important means
of improving health. According to world health organization (WHO), there are an
estimated 4 billion causes of diarrhea and 2.2 milliondeaths annually (WHO, 2002).
The consumption of unsafe water has been implicated as one of the major causes
of these diseases. Many areas in Umuahia receive water in their community stand
pipes where the water is distributed. The microbiological quality of drinking
water is of serious concern to consumers, water suppliers, regulators and
public health authorities. Water of good
drinking quality is of basic importance to human physiology and man’s continued
existence depends very much on its availability. The provision of potable water
to the rural and urban population is necessary to prevent health hazards.
Before water can be described as potable, it has to comply with certain
physical, chemical and microbiological standards which are designed to ensure
that the water is potable and safe for drinking (AOAC, 1990). During last
decades, it was observed that the ground water get polluted drastically because
of increased human activities and the growth of human population and rapid
industrialization has led to increasing use of urban water as sewers, compromising
other uses (APHA, 1998). Contamination of drinking water from any source is
therefore a primary importance, because of the danger and risk of water borne
diseases (Edema et al., 2001). Disease
contacted through drinking water kill about 5 million children annually and
makes youth of the world population sick (CDC, 2006). Throughout the world about
2.3 billion people suffer from disease linked to water related problems which
continue to kill millions of people yearly. The quality of drinking water is a
powerful environment determinant of health (WHO, 2010). Water quality
monitoring is implemented by regulating agencies like the FMENV (formerly known
as FEPA) provide guidelines and standards which can be used to detect unusual
amount of pollutants in the environment and it involves physicochemical and
bacteriological analyses of water samples from various sources. Several
illnesses can be caused by water contaminated from faeces being passed or
washed into river, stream or being allowed to seep into pipe water or bore hole
(Blackbury et al.,2006). Improved
water supply and proper sanitation can reduce the occurrence of these diseases.
However, outbreaks of water and food borne diseases still often occur, even in
developed countries .Pathogenic agents causing these diseases include the
enteric bacteria (Diarrhegenic E. coli,
Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter), viruses (norovirus,
hepatitis A) and protozoa (Cryptosporidium
and Giardia). The need for
determining the suitability of water for drinking and bathing purposes has been
recognized since 1855 when Snow and Budd related outbreaks of typhoid fever and
cholera to water contaminated with faecal wastes (Ahmed et al.,2013). It is estimated that up to 80% of ill health in
developing countries are water and sanitation related (Cheesbrough, 2000).
Water related diseases are the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide.
Among these, diarrheal diseases are estimated to cause 1.8 million deaths each
year, mostly in developing countries (WHO, 2006). Improved water supply and
proper sanitation can reduce the occurrence of these diseases, however,
outbreaks of water and food-borne diseases still often occur, even in developed
countries (CDC, 2005). In the United States, 76 million cases of food borne
illness occur every year resulting in 325000 hospitalization and 5000 deaths.
Pathogenic agents causing these diseases include the enteric bacteria (Diarrhegenic
E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella and Campylobacter), virus (norovirus,
hepatitis A) and protozoa (Cryptosporidium and Giardia) (Mead and Slutsker,
1999). An outbreaks of E. coli O157:H7,
caused by spinach in the U.S. and Canada, was reported in 2006 (CDC, 2006) the
spinach was most likely contaminated by irrigation water in California. The
occurrence of water borne illness has both economic and social impacts,
consequently, monitoring the levels of contaminated and the prevention of
disease outbreaks is important from both economic and public health perspectives
( Olajire and Imeokparia, 2011). Moreover, the need to assess the
microbiological quality of water has become imperative because it has a direct
effect on the health of individuals. Consequently, water borne diseases such as
cholera and typhoid often has their outbreak especially during dry season (Banu
and Menakuru, 2010). High prevalence of diarrhea among children and infants can
be due to the use of the unsafe water and unhygienic practice (Oladipo et al., 2009). Thus, many infectious
diseases are transmitted by water through feacal oral contamination. For most
communities the most secure source of safe drinking water is pipe-borne water
from municipal water treatment plants (EL-Taweel, 2001). Often, most of water
treatment facilities do not deliver or fail to meet the water requirement of
the served community due to corruption, lack of maintenance or increased
population. The bacterial qualities of ground water, pipe borne water and the
natural water supplies in Nigeria, have been reported to be unsatisfactory,
with coliform counts far exceeding the level recommendation by WHO (Fujioka and
Yoneyama,2011).
1.1
Aims
and Objectives
1.
To find out if pipe water
contains pathogens.
2.
To help the public to
know the danger of drinking these water without adequate treatment.
3.
To compare the bacterial
load of the water source and advice on safer source of water.
1.2 Statement of Problem
This source of water is contaminated
through one way or the other.
1.
The short falls in the
distribution of treated pipe corner water leads people to resort to alternative
source of water which may be unfit for human consumption.
2.
This water can be
populated through leakage/improper plumbing.
3.
Streams or rivers
contaminated through waste from industries, leaves, dust and rain run often.
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