ABSTRACT
The present study aimed at the comparative bacteriological analysis of borehole water and stream water in three communities within umudike for human consumption. Comparative bacteriological analysis of borehole and stream water sources in three randomly selected communities namely: Olokoro, Ibere and Umuariaga conducted to examine their quality and fitness for human consumption. A total of twelve water samples were collected from sic randomly selected boreholes and streams from the stipulated study area were analyzed using standard analytical techniques and instruments. The most probable number technique and the plating out on culture media were used for the analysis. For the most probable number technique, bottles of sterile MacConkey broth (purple) containing inverted durham tubes fot the collection of gases which were added before sterilization of the broth was done. The tubes were incubated at 37oC for 24 hours. There was color change and durham tubes in the bottles trapped gases in both water samples examined but the stream water in Umuariaga and the two streams in Ibere was discovered to more contaminated having 12, 18 and 12 coliforms respectively as compared to the boreholes in same communities having 7, 3 and 5 coliforms respectively. The stream water and borehole in Olokoro and Umuariaga were within the acceptable standard of world health organization. The microbial count (CFU/ml-1) indicated that the microbial load of stream water sample is higher compared with borehole water samples. The heterotrophic plate count of the borehole range from 2.0 X10-5 to 5.5 X 10-4 while the stream range from 3.4 X 10 -5 to 7.4 X10 -4 respectively. The total coliform plate count ranges from 2.3 X10 -5 to 5.5 X10 -4 on the borehole water while the stream water ranges from 2.9X10-5 to 6.5 X10 -4 respectively. Total Staphylococcal plate count ranges from 1.9 X10 -5 to 5.0 X10 -4 on the borehole water and stream water 1.9 X10-5 to 5.1 X10-4 respectively. Salmonella Shigella was counted evenly on the stream water sample than 1.1 X 10-5 to 4.2 X10-4 and also the stream water sample has 1.6 X 10-5 to 6.3 X10-4 respectively. The bacterial distribution of the isolates showed that Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella specie and Micrococcus specie was isolated from the boreholes from the three communites while in the streams, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella specie, Micrococcus specie and Shigella specie was isolated. Comparing both water sources shows that the stream water from the three communities was more grossly polluted and unfit for human consumption. The research study was done to comparatively evaluate the borehole and stream water within umudike for human consumption.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Title Page i
Certification
page
ii
Dedication
iii
Acknowledgments
iv
Table of Contents
v
List of
Tables
vi
Abstract vii
Chapter One
1.0 Introduction
1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 3
Chapter Two
2.0 Literature review
4
2.1
Sources of Water
4
2.1.0 Atmospheric Water
4
2.1.1 Surface Water
5
2.1.2 Ground Water 5
2.2
Importance of water to
man and other organisms
6
2.3
Water Pollution and its Control 6
2.4
Water Quality
Assessment
9
2.4.0 Physical Quality of Water 11
2.4.1 Microbiological Quality of Water 12
2.5
Borehole water and other
two sources of water for human consumption 14
Chapter Three
3.0 Materials
and Methods 16
3.1 Study Area
16
3.1.1 Sampling Strategy
16
3.1.2 Sample Collection
17
3.1.3 Bacteriological Analysis 18
3.1.4 Media Preparation 18
3.1.5 Sterilization of Glass wares
18
3.2 Isolation of Bacteria from Borehole and
Stream Water Samples
18
3.2.1 Identification of Bacterial Isolates from
Borehole and Stream Water Samples 19
3.2.2 Biochemical Tests
19
3.2.3 Most
Probable Number (MPN) Test 22
3.3 Comparison between Bacterial Isolates
from Borehole Water and Stream Water Samples
3.4 Comparison between the Result Generated
and the WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality 23
Chapter Four
4.0
Results 24
4.1 Results
Showing the Bacterial Count Isolated from Borehole and Stream Water Samples 24
4.2 Results Showing the Identification and
Characterization of Bacterial Isolates from Borehole and Stream Water Samples. 27
4.3 Results Showing the Distribution of
Bacteria Isolated from Borehole and Stream Water Samples 29
4.4 Results
Showing the Most Probable Number Tests for the Occurrence of the Presumptive
Coliforms in the Borehole and Stream Water Samples in Comparison with
the WHO
Standard for Drinking Water Quality 32
Chapter
Five
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendation 35
5.0 Discussion
35
5.1 Conclusion 36
5.2 Recommendation
36
References
38
LIST OF
TABLES
Table Title Page
2.1 The Main Bacterial Diseases Transmitted
Through Drinking Water 9
2.2 World
Health Organization Suggested Bacteriological Criteria for Drinking Water from Un-chlorinated rural Pumps
and Other Sources. 14
4.1 Results Showing the Bacterial Count
CFU/ml-1 Isolated from Borehole Water Samples. 25
4.2 Results
showing the Bacterial Count CFU/ml-1 Isolated from Stream Water Samples. 26
4.3
Results Showing the Identification and Characterization of Bacterial Isolates
from Borehole and Stream Water
Samples. 28
4.4
Results Showing the Distribution of Bacterial Isolates from Borehole Water
samples 30
4.5 Results
Showing the Distribution of Bacterial Isolates from Stream Water Samples 31
4.6
Results Showing the Occurrence Presumption of Coliforms in Test Tubes of the
Most Probable Number in Borehole Water
Samples in Comparison with WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality 33
4.7 Results
Showing the Occurrence Presumption of Coliforms in Test Tubes of the Most Probable Number in Stream Water
Samples in Comparison with WHO Standard for Drinking Water Quality 34
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
human body has 55% to 78% water depending on body size. The percentage of water
observed in different body parts are as_ muscular tissues 75%, brain contains
90% water, bones 22% and blood 83%. Since water is one of the essential
components required by the body , it is important to assess the quality of
water, which is being used for household activities as well as consumption
whether it is actually reliable and safe for health of the consumers. Water portability
refers to the quality of water that can be safe for consumption and use with no
risk of adverse health effects. (Ashbolt et
al., 2001). Water is a chemical substance with the formula H2O
(Ibe et al., 2005). Its molecules
contain one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water
covers 70.9% of the earth surface and is vital for all known form of life. On
earth, it is found mostly in Oceans and other large water bodies (Longe, 2008).
To have a safe drinking water is a human right and need for every man, woman
and child. Having good water also is essential in breaking the cycle of poverty
since it improves people health, strength to work and ability to function, yet
over 884 million people around the world live without safe drinking water. (WHO,
2008) In urban and predominantly rural communities with over 85% of the
population living below an average income, traditional drinking water sources
such as open reservoirs, springs and open wells are still being used. Water
from such sources usually complies with the WHO limits for drinking water. Borehole water has become the most used source
of water dating back to ancient China (202BC-220AD), some of the boreholes used
were deep reaching as deep as 600m (2000ft), filling the spaces between the rocks
and soils are making for an aquifers. Ground water depth varies from place to
place and this affects the quality of water obtained. Also the various types of
rocks and soils which it moves through affect it too. Water moving through
underground rocks and soils may pick up natural contaminants, even with no
human activity or pollution in that area.
(Bezuidenhout et al., 2002)
Water
is one of the important natural resources useful for the development purposes
in both rural and urban areas. Despite this, most of the rural communities in
developing countries lack access to portable water supply. They rely commonly
on rivers, streams, wells and ponds for their daily need. (Nagpal et al.,
2011) However World Health Organization (WHO) maintained that most of this
source is contaminated yet they are used directly by inhabitants. Agricultural
wastes such as pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, human and animal feces
and sewage from pit latrines and septic tanks, refuse dumps, domestic and
municipal waste released into water bodies are often responsible for surface
water contamination. (Mohanta et al.,
2000) In addition to natures influence, pollution of water can be by human
activities, such as defecation dumping of garbage, poor agricultural practices and
chemical spills at industrial sites. (Mary et
al., 2001) Even though water may be clear it does not necessarily mean that
it is safe for drinking. It is very important to judge the safety of water with
respect to its physical, chemical and bacteriological property, but with
respect to this study only the bacteriology property of water samples will be
analyzed.
Water
is essential to life. An adequate safe and accessible supply must be available
to all. Improving access to safe drinking water can result to significant
benefits to health. Every effort should be made to achieve a drinking water
quality as safe as possible. Many people
struggle to obtain access to safe water. In developing countries access to both
clean water and sanitation are not the rule and water borne infections are
common. Two and half billion people have no access to improved sanitation, and
more than 1.5 million children die each year from diarrheal disease. (Ukpong,
2013). According to World Health Organization, the mortality of water
associated diseases exceeds 5 million people per year. In general terms, the
greatest microbial risks are associated with ingestion of water that is
contaminated with human or animal feces. Waste water and costal sea waters are
the major source of fecal microorganisms, including pathogens. Contaminated
water is globally the main vehicle for microbial pathogens in most regions.
Therefore, good water quality is important in many settings including those
found for all drinking water systems, food production and in the field of
agriculture. In water systems with inadequate quality control and sanitation,
water could act as a vehicle for pathogenic microorganisms that originate from
the feces of wild life including birds, livestock and pet animals, as well as
humans. In particular, the spread of enteric viruses’ examples Nor-viruses are
repeatedly related to poor water quality.
(Grondahl-Rosado et.al, 2014)
Around the globe, huge efforts are put into making available safe water source
for human consumption, but it is estimated that 1.1 billion people have water
sources regularly contaminated with fecal microorganisms. (Prasai et al., 2014) Water from rivers, streams
and boreholes are used directly by the inhabitants and the water sources from
most rural communities are contaminated with feces and devoid of treatment
hence the need to ascertain comparatively the bacteriological quality of
borehole water to surface water in three villages within Umudike for human
consumption and to determine the source of water that is more portable and fit
for human consumption.
1.2 Aims and Objectives of the Study
The main purpose of this
study is to ascertain comparatively the quality of borehole water to stream
water in three communities within Umudike for human consumption.
It is most important that water intended to be used specifically for human
consumption is to be properly analyzed to determine its quality and to know the
extent to which should be treated if need be. Therefore the analysis is
necessary because of the following reasons:
· To
isolate bacteria from borehole water.
· To
isolate bacteria from surface water –stream water.
· To
compare the bacteriological load in the borehole and surface water.
· To
compare bacteriological analysis generated with the WHO standards for drinking
water.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment