ABSTRACT
The world health organization has estimated that up to 80% of all sicknesses and diseases in the world are caused by inadequate sanitation, polluted water or unavailability of water. Yalawa, Gida Dubu, Fagoji, Zai and Katangare Quarters had been experiencing recurrent epidemics of Gastroenteritis during the last decade leading to huge economic losses and in most instances fatal cases were recorded especially in infants. So the study was conducted to investigate pathogenic bacterial contamination of drinking water sources used by the communities and to find out the source of water that is considerably safer for drinking and other domestic purposes. A total of 10 water samples were collected from varied drinking sources across the Quarters. The result obtained from this research work showed that, for the colony count in all selected areas, sample A of Fagoji Quarters had the highest number of 1.92 x 10-5 cfu/ml which is also greater than normal range of 1.5 x 10-5 cfuml as recommended by World Health Organization (WHO) prop table limit, while sample B of Yalawa Quarters had the lowest range of 2.0 x 10-5 cfu/ml which is also greater than normal range of 1.5 x 10-5 cfu/ml. for the most probable number technique (MPN/100ml) of all samples tested selected area showed that Zai Quarters had the highest range of the 120MPN/100ml for both sample A and B, while sample A Yalawa Quarters had the lowest range of 3MPN100ml.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
Declaration - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii
Approval Page - - - - - - -- - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - vi
Table of
Contents - - - - - - - - - vii
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Hydrological Cycle - - - - - - - - - 2
1.2 Types of Water - - - - - - - - 4
1.3 Statement of the Problem - - - - - - - 5
1.4 Justification of the Study - - - - - - - 5
1.5 Significance of the Study - - - - - - - 5
1.6 Aim and Objective - - - - - - - - 5
1.7 Scope and Limitation - - - - - - - - 6
CHAPTER TWO
Literature Review - - - - - - - - - 7
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
Materials
and Method - - - - - - - - 9
3.1 Reagents - - - - - - - - - 9
3.2 Equipment - - - - - - - - - 9
3.3 Study Area - - - - - - - - - 10
3.4 Sample Collection- - - - - - - - - 10
3.5 Methodology - - - - - - - - - 10
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion - - - - - - - 14
4.1 Result - - - - - - - - - - 14
4.3 Discussion - - - - - - - - - 16
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summary, Conclusion and Recommendation - - - - - 18
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - - 18
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - - - 18
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - - 19
Reference - - -- - -- -- - - - 20
CHAPTER ONE
1.0. INTRODUCTION
The most common
and widespread danger associated with drinking water is contamination, either
directly or indirectly, be sewage, other will betes or human and animal
excrement? About 25 years ago, authoritative estimates indicated that each year
some 500 million people are affected by water-borne or water associated
disease, and as many as 10 million of these die in recent estimate based on WHO
reports suggests that 80% of all human illness in the developing world are
caused by biological contamination. Faecal pollution of drinking water may
introduce a variety of intestinal pathogens (Brusson et al, 2004).
Their present
being related to microbial diseases and carried present in the community, which
may cause diseases from mild gestroentritis to severe and sometime fatal
dysentery, cholera or typhoid. Other organization naturally present in the
environment and not regard as pathogens, may also cause apportunist disease.
Ideally, drinking water should not contain any microorganisms known as to be
pathogenic. It should be free from bacteria. The majority of the population in
developing countries is not adequately supplied with potable water and thus
obliged to use unsafe water for domestic and drinking purposes Pakistan, a
developing country, is also facing a problem of wholesome water supply. This
study will be initiated to determine bacterial loads and contaminants in
drinking water is quality guidelines form a basis for judgment of the
acceptability of public drinking water supplies (Chesse Brough, 2000).
Water borne or
related pathogens including bacteria are spread in water either through human
ingestion of contaminated water or because water provides the habitat for
intermediately host much the most common and wide spread problem is pathogen
from human excreta which spread problem contaminate water supplies. Typhoid
fever, diarrheal disease and cholera are among the spread in this way (Jorge,
2001).
Sampling and
monitoring the microbial quality of water supplied to consumer can only verify
the water will safe after it will be supplied and perhaps ingested (WHO, 2004).
Thus also include the ice water which many people use to drink during hot
season. Keeping ice clean is easier than one might think using sanitary ice
handing procedures greatly reduces the chances of bacterial contamination. But
not using these procedures can expose consumers to the same bacteria found in
human feces (APHA, 2006).
The
recent expose by the news media challenging the purity of restuarence ice has
alarmed the general public and for good reason, random sampling and analysis by
laboratories revealed some starling evidence fecal matter and its bacterial
counterparts were found in most of the samples (AALA, 2008).
Since
all ice makers within the Dutse Metropolis rely almost exclusively on
unstreated water as their source it has become necessary to investigate the
microbiological status of such water.
The
above reasons, couples with the complaints associated with ice consumption
initiated this study, to ascertain whether there is contamination in both ice
and raw water used to make ice.
1.1. Hydrological Cycle
Hydrological
is the study of water on the earth, about 70% of the earth surface is covered
by water. These support all forms of life on the earth as starting water,
running water and in the form of rain water, and vapour in the atmosphere (Parikh
and Kumar, 2001).
A
body of unpolluted water such as a mountain lake or stream is usually low in
organic nutrients and thus only a limited number of bacteria are present
perhaps a few thousands per milliliter (Ronald, 1988). But a polluted body of
water such as lake or river presents a totally different picture. The water
from sewage, faces and industrial sources and the population of microorganisms
id usually heterophic. During anaerobic treatment of slowly biodegradable waste
water containing dissolve oxygen, the natural communities of aerobic and facultative
anaerobic bacteria present in reactor sludge may not succeed in lowering the redox
potential of the environment to a level compatible with methanogenesis (malaria
and Guyot, 2001). A major types of bacteria in polluted water is coliform
bacteria, a group of gram-negative non-spore farming bacilli usually found in
human intestine. These include escheric-hia
coli and species of enterobacter. Non coliform bacteria also common in
polluted water include streptocaccus,
preteus and pseudomonas (Brussow et al., 2004).
The
total volume of water in global cycle is estimated to about 1384 million Km2.
The
cycle is complex with many different path ways, branches and stores (Hans 2002).
Hydrologic cycle is defined as a conceptual model that described the storage
and lithosphere (Michael, 2006). Just over two percent of the total water in
global cycle is in fresh water and most that is locked up as poterice caps and
in glaciers, as described by park. He added that if all the ice were to melt,
it would release enough water to keep the world rivers flowing at their normal
rates up to 1,000 years (Park, 2004).
Population
growth industrialization and a general improvement in the standard of living
worldwide have meant that more and water is now required daily and the needs
with average water need of about 290/capital/day, 70% end up as waste water
while supplied end up as waste water, while a comparatively small but
increasing amount is used in agriculture (Kawamura and Kaneko, 2009).
1.2 Types of Water
1. Ground
Water
Ground
water is the most plentiful of all fresh water. As water soaks in to the
ground, some of it adheres to clay and soil to provide water to the plants.
This water is in the unsaturated, or vadose, zone most of the pires in the
vadose zone are filled with air, rather than water. Gravity continues to move
the water down through the ground. Eventually, the water reaches than saturated
zone, where all the pores are filled with water the separation between
saturated and unsaturated zone is called water table.
Water
pumped from well is generally very clean the ground acts as a natural filler.
However, contaminants from nearby contaminated soil, leaky underground tanks,
septic system can contaminate a well rendering it inusiable.
2. Surface Water
Surface
water is the water that exists in streams and lakes. This water is used for
potable supply, recreation, irrigation, industry, livestock, transportation and
hydroelectric energy. Over 63 percent of the public water supply is withdrawn
form surface water. Irrigation gets 58% of its water supply from surface water
conservation and quality of utmost important.
1.3 Statement
of the Problem
Ground water
sources are being used as a drinking water yet, testing to see whether the
water is of bacteriological analysis used for ice making is almost
nonexistence. Although, it is true that the soil generally function to reduce
the effect of microorganisms, especially bacteria.
1.4 Justification
of the Study
Bacteriological
water analysis is a method of analysing water to estimate the numbers of
bacteria present and, if needed, to find out what sort of bacteria they are. It
represents one aspect of water quality. It is a microbiological analytical
procedure which uses samples of water and from these samples determines the
concentration of bacteria. It is then possible to draw inferences about the
suitability of the water for use from these concentrations.
1.5 Significance
of the Study
This research
work will be useful in giving a correct assessment of the situation in the
study area as it affects problems of bacteriological analysis of water used for
ice making and how this can be control the findings from this study will be
useful to non-governmental organization and other health institution in order
to know how control the problem of bacteriological analysis of water used for
ice making.
1.6 Aim
and Objectives
Aim
To investigate
the presence of coliform Bacteria in water drinking in some selected areas in Dutse
metropolis (Gida Dubu, Fagoji, katangare, Zai and
Yalawa).
Objectives
*
To determine if there is presence of coliform bacteria which is an
indicator of fecal contamination in the soil water
·
To determine which among tap or borehole
has more microbial load.
1.7 Scope
and Limitation
This research is
limited to some areas of Dutse metropolis which include (Gida Dubu, Fagoji,
Katangare, Zai and Yalawa Quarters). Where Bacteriological analysis of water
used for ice making in these will be analysis.
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