BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF STREAM WATER (A CASE STUDY OF NNEME STREAM OF ISIALA NGWA NORTH L.G.A OF ABIA STATE)

ABSTRACT

Bacteriological Quality of Nneme stream water was carried out in Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia state, Nigeria. The Nneme stream was selected in this study because the stream has been an ancient source of water supply for drinking and other domestic uses. Feacal and total coliform counts were performed using multiple tube techniques. The feacal coliform and the E. coli count exceeding acceptable limits are indicative of pollution for domestic waste from several informal settlement located along the stream bank. The gross pollution of the stream exposes the local people which depend on it for their primary water source to serious health risk.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                              1

Certification                                                                                                     II

Dedication                                                                                             III

Acknowledgement                                                                                  IV

Table of Contents                                                                                    V

List of Tables                                                                                          VI

Abstracts                                                                                              VII

Chapter One                                                                                          1                                                                                     

1.0 Introduction                                                                                       1

1.1       Statement of problem                                                                      2

1.2       Aim of study                                                                                   2

1.2.1 Objectives of study                                                                           2

1.3       Significance of study                                                                        2

Chapter Two                                                                                           4

2.0 Literature Review                                                                                 4

2.1 Water                                                                                                 4

2.2 Sources of Water                                                                                5

2.2.1 Atomospheric water                                                                         5

2.2.2 Surface water                                                                                  5

2.2.3 Ground water                                                                                  6

2.3 Water Quality Assessment                                                                   6

2.3.1 Physical qualities of water                                                              6

2.3.2 Microbiological qualities of water                                                     8

2.3.3 Indicator Organism                                                                       9

2.4 Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria                                                     10

2.5 Coliform organisms (Total Coliform)                                                  11

2.6 Faecal Streptococci                                                                          12

2.7 Significance of water to man and other organisms                             15

Chapter Three                                                                                      17

3.0 Materials & Methods                                                                        17

3.1 Study Area                                                                                      17

3.2 Methods of study                                                                             17

3.2.1 Sample collection                                                                          17

3.3    Bacteriology Analysis                                                                    18

3.4    Characterization and Identification of                                            18

         Bacteria Isolates

3.5    Analysis of water for Coliform and Thermotolerant                           19

        of Faecal Coliform.

3.6.   Typical Sample volumes and numbers                                           19

        of tubes for multiple tube

3.6.1 The Presumptive test                                                                     19

3.7    Ejikma test                                                                                  19                                                                                              

Chapter Four                                                                                       21

4.0 Results                                                                                            21

Chapter Five                                                                                        28

5.0 Discussion and Conclusion                                                              28

5.1 Discussion                                                                                      28

5.1 Conclusion                                                                                      29

5.2 Recommendation                                                                             29

References                                                                                           30

List of Tables      

Table 4.1 Multiple tube/MPN techniques

Table 4.2 Shows the MPN of Faecal Coliform bacteria per 100ml of Nneme stream at sampling.

Table 4.3 Probability tables: for estimating the MPN of Faecal Coliform bacteria.

Table 4.4 Eijkman test for E. coli at 44⁰C.

Table 4.5 Shows the table of isolates obtained and viable counts on             Up, Middle and Downstream water sample.

Table 4.6 WHO suggested bacteriological criteria for drinking water               from un-chlorinated urban hand pumps and other                             sources. 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0      INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the important natural resources useful for the developmental purpose in both urban and rural areas. Despite this, most of the rural communities in the developing countries, especially Nigeria lacks access to portable water supply. They rely commonly on rivers, streams, wells and pond for daily water need (Onuh and Isaac, 2009).

However, World Health Organization (WHO, 1993) maintained that water from most of this source is contaminated yet they are used directly by inhabitants. Agricultural wastes such as pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers, human and animal faeces, and seepage from pits, latrines and septic tanks, refuse dump, domestic and municipal waste released into water bodies are often responsible for surface water contamination. Singh et al (2010) observed that most surface water resources accessible to household in rural area are subjected to chemical and biological contamination which may come from animals, septic tank, and storm run-off. Contaminated water is associated with health risk which leads to the spread of diseases such as dysentery, cholera, typhoid, and diarrhea and so on.

According to Grabow (1996), the disease associated with most surface water supply include, campbacteria, shigellosis, salmollosis, cholera and a varieties of other bacteria as well as fungi, viral and parasitic infection. These diseases are caused by microscopic organisms including bacteria, virus, fungi and single cell protozoa. They eventually results in cripping, devastating and debilitating on rural resident and further exacerbate the already stained health burden and facilities in the country, (Grabow, 1996).

1.1             STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

However, there is no doubt that government at local, state and federal levels have attempted in ensuring water supply in some rural areas, but these have been grossly in adequate. Nevondo and Cloete (1991) observed that in areas where portable water supply is provided, the supplies are unreliable and insufficient forcing residence to reverse to traditional contaminate water supply. It is therefore imperative to monitor the bacterial and microbial quality of water supply in rural areas in other to provide the impetus for sustained government intervention.

1.2    AIM OF STUDY

 This study intends to evaluate the bacteriological qualities of a selected stream in Isiala Ngwa North Local Government Area of Abia State, Nigeria.

1.2.1 OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

To determine the bacteriological contamination of the Nneme stream by coliform and E. coli counts, using the multiple tool techniques.

1.3    SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

Water of adequate quality and quantity is essential for healthy life. The association between sanitation water and health are well known, many diseases are associated with contaminated water and water shortage in the most communities the principal risk to human health derived from fecal contamination. In some countries, they may also be hazards associated with specific chemical contaminants such as fluoride or arsenic, but the levels of the substance are unlikely to change significantly with time. Thus if a full range of chemical analysis is undertaken on new water source and repeated thereafter at fairly long interval to present at unrecognized hazard.

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.