BACTERIOLOGICAL EXAMINATION OF STREAM WATER SAMPLES FROM IYI EPO AND IYI OCHA IN AMAWOM COMMUNITY, IKWUANO LGA, ABIA STATE

ABSTRACT

Diseases caused by contaminated water consumption and poor hygiene are among the leading causes of death in children, the elderly and people with compromised immune system. Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were carried out on stream water, for drinking and other domestic purposes in Amawom, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State, Nigeria. The results obtained were compared with WHO standard for drinking and domestic use. Both Iyi epo and Iyi ocha fell short of the standard. The total bacteria count of Iyi epo was 1.37x105cfu/ml and Iyi ocha was 1.51x105cfu/ml. the Total coliform count was 1.01x105cfu/ml for Iyi epo and 1.07 x105cfu/ml for Iyi ocha. Eschericihia coli, Salmonella species, Shigella species, staphylococcus and Klebsiella species were implicated in the study. The presence of these bacteria in water for drinking is of public health significance.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of contents                                                                                                                    vi

List of tables                                                                                                                           viii

List of figures                                                                                                                         ix

Abstract                                                                                                                                   x

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           INTRODUCTION                                                                                                    1

1.1       Background of the study                                                                                             1

1.2       Statement of the problem                                                                                           2

1.3       Justification                                                                                                                3

1.4       Aim and objectives                                                                                                     4

1.4.1    Aim                                                                                                                             4

1.4.2    Specific objectives                                                                                                      4

1.5       Significance of the study                                                                                            4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW                                                                                        5

2.1       Water                                                                                                                          5

2.2       Types of water resources                                                                                            5

2.2.1    Underground water                                                                                                     5

2.2.2    Surface water                                                                                                              6

2.2.3    Springs                                                                                                                        7

2.2.4    Rivers                                                                                                                          7

2.2.5    Lakes and Reservoirs                                                                                                  8

2.2.6    Oceans                                                                                                                        9

2.3       Water in the atmosphere                                                                                             9

2.4       Pollution                                                                                                                     10

2.4.1    Water pollution                                                                                                           10

2.4.2    Organic Pollutants                                                                                                      11

2.4.3    Inorganic pollutants                                                                                                    12

2.4.4    Sediments pollutants                                                                                                   13

2.4.1    Radioactive materials                                                                                                 13

2. 5      Thermal pollutants                                                                                                      13

2.6       Underground water pollution/pollutant                                                                      14

2.6.1    Point-source pollution                                                                                                14

2.6.2    Non-point source pollution                                                                                         16

2.7       Chemical pollution                                                                                                     17

2.8       Biological pollution                                                                                                    18

2.8.1    Pathogenic microorganisms                                                                                       18

2.8.2    Non-pathogenic microorganisms                                                                               18

2.9       Physical/natural pollution                                                                                           19

2.10     Water analysis                                                                                                            20

2.10.1  Physical examination                                                                                                  20

2.10.2  Chemical examination                                                                                                23

2.11     Microbiological Examination                                                                                     32

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                             33

3.1       Area of study                                                                                                              33

3.2       Sample collection                                                                                                       34

3.3       Physiochemical analysis                                                                                             34

3.4       Bacteriological examination                                                                                      36

3.4.1    Media preparation                                                                                                      37

3.4.2    Isolation of bacterial and fungal contaminants                                                          38

3.5       Identification of fungi and bacteria isolates                                                               38

3.5.1    Gram staining                                                                                                             38

3.5.2    Identification of pure colonies using morphological characteristics.                                    39

3.5.3    Identification of bacterial contaminants using biochemical methods                                  39

3.6       Data analysis                                                                                                               39

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0       RESULTS AND DISCUSSION                                                                               40

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION                                                                      44

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   44

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  46

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        47

References

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Physiochemical properties of Iyi epo and Iyi ocha water samples                                    40

Table 2:Total bacteria counts of Iyi epo and Iyi ocha                                                           41

Table 3: Identification of the bacteria isolated from the sample                                           42

Table 4: Cultural morphology of the isolated bacteria from Iyi rpo and Iyi

                ocha water samples                                                                                                 43

LIST OF FIGURES

Fig: 3.1:  Map of Ikwuano showing community being studied                                             33

CHAPTER ONE

1.1      INTRODUCTION

Water is a colourless, odourless and tasteless liquid at room temperature and is the only substance that exists naturally on earth in all three physical states of matter-gas, liquid and solid (Shakhashiri, 2014). It is universally acceptable as one of the principle elements of life and may also pass the test of renewable resource (Ajewole, 2005). It is also a very essential and basic need of humans and the most abundant molecule in living things. Water is used in daily routines. It is the commonest solvent for many substances and it rarely occurs in its pure nature. Although about 70% or two-thirds of the earth’s surface is covered by water, less than 1% of the water is readily available for drinking.

Water which is one of the most essential natural resources needed by every living thing, whether it is used for drinking, bathing, food production or recreational purposes, portable and accessible water supply is crucial for public health (Eboh et al., 2017). In developing countries such as Nigeria, most of the rural communities lack access to potable water supply and rely mainly on river and stream sources for their household use and other purposes (Banwo, 2006). It is used in agriculture for irrigation, a component for production of food. In food processing, water plays major critical roles. Man in order to ensure his well being, must therefore has good supply of water. There are two sources of water, namely surface and ground water. Water can be obtained from a number of sources, among which are streams, lakes, rivers, ponds, rain, springs and wells (Okonko et al., 2008).

Water taken from rivers, stream, lakes and other different reservoirs may look clean and have no undesirable odour and taste. Unfortunately, pathogens found in water not only are harmful but are invisible to the naked eyes and may be odourless and tasteless. These bacteria can cause serious illnesses such as severe diarrhea, hepatitis and typhoid fever microbiological contamination remains the major cause of disease outbreak with drinking water.

Streams are vital and vulnerable freshwater systems that are critical for the sustenance of all life. However, the declining quality of the water in these systems threatens their sustainability and is therefore a cause for concern. Streams and rivers are waterways of strategic importance across the world, providing main water resources for domestic, industrial and agricultural purposes (Farah, 2002). The maintenance of healthy aquatic ecosystem is depended on the physicochemical properties and biological diversity. A regular monitoring of water bodies would not only prevent the outbreak of diseases and occurrence of hazards but would check the water from further deterioration.

According to a recent UNICEF report, about 80 million people in Asia and Africa are living without access to safe water (Egberongbe, et al., 2012). Recently, the United Nations (UN) stated that safe and clean drinking water is a human right (Daniel, 2015).

1.2       STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Contamination of water is a serious environmental problem as it adversely affects the human health and the biodiversity in the aquatic ecosystem. In some rural areas in Nigeria, domestic wastes, sewage and faeces are being discharged into streams which also serve as their water sources for daily needs. When the load of organic matter or wastes is too heavy, the self purification power of the stream are unable to remove these materials added and there will be pollution of these water sources which can be dangerous to human and the environment as a whole (Adetokunbo and Gilles, 2003). These multiple sources of contamination are compounded by limited environmental awareness in rural areas (Lehloesa and Muyima, 2004). The microbiological quality of drinking water is of a great primary importance, and the monitoring of bacterial indicators such as total coliform and thermotolerance coliforms should be given the highest priority.

1.3                   JUSTIFICATION

Information on the bacteriological quality of water from stream water used for domestic purposes and for livestock watering in Amawom community in Ikwuano LGA is limited. Safe drinking water is a fundamental right of human being. However, is the water that we drink safe? The answer is obviously “NO” as shown by the death statistics from water borne diseases which accounts to 80%. Bacteriological assessment particularly for coliforms, the indicators of contamination by faecal matters is therefore routinely carried out to ascertain the quality and portability of water to ensure prevention of further dissemination of pathogens. One of the most important factors of water pollution is the microbial contamination especially with pathogenic microorganisms. Enteric pathogens are typically responsible for waterborne sickness (Bitton, 1994).

The results from the research will provide epidemiological information and the public health risks associated with the consumption of these natural resources, if they are contaminated at certain levels. Thus, the reason for this sort of study is to obtain information that will be needed for proper management of water consumed in this area and also control and where possible prevents the increasing trends of microbial water pollution and its associated public health risk consequences.

1.4       AIM AND OBJECTIVES

Aim

Bacteriological extermination of stream water (Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha) in Amawom Community, Ikwuano LGA, Abia State

Objectives

                        i.         To determine the physiological properties of Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha streams in Amawom community

                       ii.         To determine total bacteria counts from Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha stream in Amawom community

                     iii.         To determine the total coliform counts from Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha stream in Amawom community

                     iv.         To isolate bacteria from Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha stream in Amawom community

                       v.         To identify the isolated bacteria from Iyi Epo and Iyi Ocha stream in Amawom community

1.5       SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study evaluated the level of health risk that the residents of Amawaom in Ikwuano LGA of Abia State are exposed to through use of stream water located in the area. The documented information will be important in the formulation of guidelines on water resource use in the area. Information on the bacterial load in the water will be used by local public health officers to determine the sources of contamination and to educate the local community on how to protect the water sources from contamination.

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