ABSTRACT
Unsanitary water has devastating effects to human health. This study focuses on the bacteriological evaluation of two stream; Api and Uhere in Opi Nzukka L.G.A of Enugu State. Samples were collected of about 05:00am in sterile water containers and analysed for bacteriological safety by the multiple tube fermentation technique. Coliform count was done by the most probable number method. Isolates from Api and Uhere were identified by standard techniques on the basis of their gram stain, morphology and biochemical characteristics, results showed high coliform contamination with Api Stream having a viable count of 8.0x103 cfu/ml. Both streams had most probable number (MPN) values beyond the WHO recommended range. Water should meet different qualification depending on the particular sources.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Cover
Page
Title
Page i
Certification
ii
Declaration
iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledge v
Table
of Content vi
List
of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE 1
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aim and Specific Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO 3
2.0
Literature Review 3
2.1
Properties of Water 3
2.2
Some Water Treatment Methods 5
2.3 Water Related Health Risks 5
2.4 Indicator Organisms 6
2.4.1
Escherichia
coli 7
2.4.2
Thermotolerant coliform bacteria 7
2.4.3
Coliform Organisms (Total Coliforms) 8
2.4.4
Faecal streptococci 9
2.5 Some
Bacterial Contaminants of Water 10
2.5.1 Escherichia
coli 11
2.5.2 Proteus
spp 12
2.5.3 Klebsiella
spp 12
2.5.4 Staphylococcus
aureus 13
2.5.5 Streptococcus
spp 13
2.5.6 Pseudomonas
aeruginosa 14
2.5.7 Bacillus
spp 14
CHAPTER THREE 16
3.0 Materials
and Methods 16
3.1
Study Area and Sampling 16
3.2 Collection of Water Samples 16
3.3
Media Preparation 17
3.4
Microbiological Methods 17
3.4.1
Presumptive Test for Total Coliforms 17
3.4.2 Confirmed
Test 18
3.4.3 Completed
Test for Thermostable Coliforms (Eijkman’s test) 18
3.5 Plate Counting of Organisms 19
3.6 Identification of Isolates 19
3.6.1 Gram Staining 19
3.6.2
Biochemical Tests 20
3.6.2.1
Catalase test 20
3.6.2.2
Coagulase test 20
3.6.2.3
Citrate Test 20
3.6.2.4
Motility, Indole, Urease Test (MIU) 21
3.6.2.5
Triple Sugar iron test 21
3.3.6.6 Oxidase Test 22
3.7
Determination of Some
Physico-Chemical Properties 22
CHAPTER FOUR 23
4.0 Results 23
CHAPTER FIVE 32
5.0 Discussion 32
5.1 Conclusion 33
5.2 Recommendation 34
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1: Source, type and coding of samples 24
Table
2: Identification of bacteria isolated from various samples analysed 25
Table
3: Bacterial species isolated 26
Table
4: Viable plate count 27
Table
5: Total coliform bacteria isolated 28
Table
6: Thermotolerant coliform isolated 29
Table
7: Most Probable Number of samples 30
Table
8: Select physicochemical quality of samples 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water provides essential elements, but
when polluted it may become an undesirable substance dangerous to human health
(Karavoltsos et al., 2008). Many
infectious diseases are transmitted by water through the fecal-oral route. The
usual sources of drinking water in rural areas are streams, rivers, well and
boreholes which are mostly untreated and associated with various health risks
(Okonko et al., 2008). Regrettably, these streams, rivers and lakes
which are the main sources of drinking water are also used by the locals as
sewage disposal sites.
Unsanitary water particularly has devastating
effects on young children in the developing world. Each year, >2 million
persons, mostly children <5 years of age, die of diarrheal disease (Okonko et al., 2008). According to Shittu et al., (2008), water is vital to our
existence in life and its importance in our daily life makes it imperative that
thorough microbiological and physico-chemical examinations be conducted on
water. The quality of water influences the health status of any populace,
hence, analysis of the physical, biological and chemical properties including
trace element contents are very important for public health studies (Shalom et al., 2011).
Portable water is the water that is free
from disease producing microorganisms and chemical substances that are
dangerous to health (Lamikanra, 1999). The ingestion of water contaminated with
pathogens has manifestated in diseases like typhoid fever, amoebic dysentery
and cholera etc which has resulted in deterioration of health and in some cases
death (Isikwue et al., 2011, Onoja and Adelakun, 2009). Shittu et al. (2008)
also put it that in Nigeria majority of the rural populace do not have access
to portable water and therefore, depend on wells, streams and river water for
domestic use. The bacterial qualities of groundwater, pipe borne water and
other natural water supplies in Nigeria have been reported to be unsatisfactory
with coliform counts for exceeding the level recommended by WHO (Dada et al, 1999, Edema et al, 2001).
No report of bacteriological quality has
been reported on the two major communal water sources of Opi Community in Nsuka
Local Government Area of Enugu State, where more than half of the populace
disposes their sewage at backyards. This study focuses on the bacteriological
evaluation of the Api and Uhere streams in Opi, Nsuka Local Government of Enugu
State, South-eastern Nigeria.
1.2
AIM
AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to evaluate the
bacteriological quality and safety of the Api and Uhere streams in Opi, Nsuka
Local Government of Enugu State, South-eastern Nigeria respectively. Specific
objectives include;
1. To
isolate and identify the common bacterial organisms polluting the water
sources.
2. To
use the multiple tube fermentation technique to evaluate the suitability of
this streams for drinking.
3. To
perform total coliform and thermostable coliform E. coli counts on the water sources to determine specific pollution
sources.
4. Also
to determine some common physicochemical properties of the water sources in
comparison with acceptable standard for a safe drinking water.
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