ABSTRACT
Unsanitary water has devastating effect to human health, this study focuses on the bacteriological evaluation of two streams; Iyi Umuajata and Iyi Mgbedeala in Olokoro, Umuahia South Local Government Area, Abia State. Samples were collected of about 05.00am in sterile water containers and analysed for bacteriological safety by the multiple tube fermentation techniques. Coliform count was done by the most probable number method. Isolates from Iyi Umuajata and Iyi Mgbedeala were identified by standard techniques on the basis of their gram stain, morphology and biochemical characteristics, results showed high coliform contamination with Iyi Umuajata having a viable count of 1.2 × 104 efu/ml. Both stream had most probable number (MPN) values beyond the WHO recommended range. Water should meet different qualification depending on the particular sources.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables ix
Abstract x
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1 Justification 2
1.2 Aim and Specific Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
Review 4
2.1
Overview of Water 4
2.2
Chemical and Physical Properties of Water 5
2.3
Methods of Water Treatment 7
2.4
Sources of Domestic Water 8
2.5
Drinking Water 8
2.6 Unsafe Water Related Health Risks 10
2.7 Microbiological Water Quality Indicators
(Indicator Organisms) 11
2.7.1
Escherichia
Coli 11
2.7.2
Thermotolerant Coliform Bacteria 12
2.7.3
Coliform Organisms (Total Coliforms) 13
2.7.4 Faecal Streptococci 14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 16
3.1
Study Area and Sampling 16
3.2 Collection of Water Samples 16
3.3
Media Preparation 17
3.4
Microbiological Methods 17
3.4.1
Presumptive Test for Total Coliforms 17
3.4.2
Confirmed Test 18
3.4.3 Completed Test for Thermostable Coliforms
(Eijkman’s Test) 18
3.5 Plate Counting of Organisms 19
3.6 Identification of Isolates 19
3.6.1
Gram Staining 19
3.6.2
Biochemical
Tests 20
3.6.2.1
Catalase Test 20
3.6.2.2
Coagulase Test 20
3.6.2.3 Citrate Test 20
3.6.2.4 Motility, Indole, Urease Test (Miu) 21
3.6.2.5 Triple Sugar Iron
Test 21
3.3.6.6 Oxidase Test 22
3.7
Determination
of Some Physico-Chemical Properties 22
3.8 Presentation and Analysts of Results 22
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 23
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 Discussion 31
5.2 Conclusion 32
5.3 Recommendation 32
References
LIST
OF TABLES
Table
1: source, type and coding of samples 24
Table 2: Identification of Bacteria Isolated From Various Samples Analyzed 25
Table 3: Viable Plate Count 26
Table 4: Total Coliform Bacteria Isolated 27
Table 5: Thermotolerant Coliform Isolated 28
Table 6: Most Probable Number of Samples 29
Table 7: Select Physicochemical Quality of
Samples 30
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Water
is a chemical substance with the chemical formulae H2O. Its
molecules contain one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent
bonds. It is a liquid at ambient condition, but it often coexists on earth at
its solid state (ice) and gaseous state as vapour or steam (WHO, 2002).
The
World Health Organization estimates that about 1.1 billion people (constituting
one-fifth of the global population) lacks access to clean, safe drinking water
and about 2.6 billion lacks adequate sanitation (WHO, 2005). It further warns
that this figure could rise up to 50 percent by the end of 2025 if proactive
measures remains ignored. In Nigeria, safe and potable sources of water are
largely inadequate, worst still this condition is usually exacerbated in rural
settings where the major sources of drinking water are hand dug wells, ponds,
streams and rivers.
High
and intensive rainfall speeds the activities of all facets of soil erosions
(Ekop, 2003). This in turn causes flooding, siltation of water bodies and
leaching of pollutants into both surface and groundwater sources. However,
runoff water from rainfall is not the only factor of water contamination.
Anthropogenic activities and underlying geology also play great role in water
pollution.
Each
year more than two million people, mainly children below the age of 5 globally
die of diarrhoea, 90% cases linked to consumption of unsafe, contaminated or
inadequate water supplies. For the children in this group, diarrhoeal diseases
accounted for 17% of all deaths from 2000 to 2003 (WHO, 2005), placing it the
third among other causes of child death, just after neonatal causes and acute
respiratory infections (WHO, 2005).
Micro-organisms
are chief indicators of water quality. Major bacterial organisms that are
concerned with water borne diseases are: Escherichia
coli, Salmonella spp, Shigella
spp and Vibrio cholera. Other less common agents of water borne diseases are
protozoans like Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia, Balantidium coli and Cryptococcus parvum.
In
this light, it becomes highly imperative to investigate the bacteriological
quality of two major streams in Umuajata community of Umuahia South LGA, Abia
State that serves as the main source of drinking to about 800 people.
1.1 JUSTIFICATION
Recent
studies have demonstrated that open water systems such as streams, rivers and
ponds are increasingly vulnerable to both microbiological and heavy metal
contamination. The potential of pathogenic contamination from human and animal waste
being present in the vicinity of a stream is possible. These wastes and sewage
when deposited near the water route may travel with percolating rain water
directly into the water body. The possibilities of such contaminations justify
the purpose of this research.
1.2 AIM
AND SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is
to evaluate the bacteriological quality and safety of the two major streams in
Umuajata community of Umuahia South LGA, Abia State; the Umuajata main stream
and Mgbedeala stream respectively. Specific objectives include;
1. To
isolate and identify the common bacterial organisms polluting the water
sources.
2. To
use the multiple tube fermentation technique to evaluate the suitability of
this streams for drinking.
3. To
perform total coliform and thermostable coliform E. coli counts on the water sources to determine specific pollution
sources.
4. Also
to determine some common physicochemical properties of the water sources in
comparison with acceptable standard for a safe drinking water.
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