COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PIPE BORN WATER AND SURFACE WATER IN MOUAU FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION

ABSTRACT

Comparative analysis of pipe borne water and other surface water for human consumption was carried out in this project. the samples were collected from four different sights in Michael Okpara university of Agriculture Umudike, the samples are labeled A, B,C and Sample A was collected from NDDC hostel, sample B from IBB hostel, sample C from GNT college and sample D from MOUAU River. The physical parameter was carried out and the temperature range ranges from the lowest range of 270C and highest range of 280C. The pH level has a lowest level of 5.6 and the highest level of 4.0. The bacteria isolated gave a colony of 2.0 x 102 cfu/ml and maximum of 5.0 x 102 cfu/ml. the samples isolated indicated the presence of five Enterobacteriacae family with their morphological characteristics. The biochemical characteristics of these bacteria was carried out and both negative and positive result were identified. The coliform test and MPN was carried out and the result shows a minimum number of 1 coliform and a maximum number of 35 coliforms. The aim of this research was to isolate, identify and characterize bacteria from pipe borne water, to isolate, identify and characterize bacteria from surface water and to the microbial load of pipe borne water with surface water.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Certification                                                                                                                            ii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iii

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   v

List of Tables’                                                                                                                         viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                  ix        

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       Background information                                                                                             1

1.2       Aims and objective                                                                                                     2

1.3       Statement of problem                                                                                                 2

1.4       Significance of study                                                                                                  3

1.5       Limitation                                                                                                                   3

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Microbiological water analysis                                                                                    4

2.2       Who drinking water quality standard                                                                         4

2.3       Borehole                                                                                                                      7

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1       Sample collection                                                                                                        14

3.2       Method of sample collection                                                                                      14

3.3       Analysis of the samples                                                                                              15

3.4       pH testing procedures                                                                                                 15

3.5       Coliform testing procedures                                                                                       15

3.6       Confirmatory test foe fecal coliform                                                                          16

3.7       Serial dilution method                                                                                                16

3.8       Standard plate count (SPC)                                                                                        16

3.9       Biochemical test                                                                                                          17

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

4.1       Temperature and pH of the samples                                                                           22

4.2       Total bacteria count                                                                                                    22

4.3       Biochemical characteristics of bacteria isolated                                                         22

4.4       Samples with their respective bacteria isolate                                                 23

4.5       Morphological characteristics of the bacteria isolated                                                23

4.6       Reaction following the analysis of MPN method                                                      23

4.7       Occurrence of the presumptive coliforms in the tube of MPN                                   24

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   32

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  33

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                                        33

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

Table              Title                                                                                                                Page

4.1       Temperature and pH of the samples                                                                           24

4.2       Total bacteria count                                                                                                    25

4.3       Biochemical characteristics of the bacteria isolated                                                   26

4.4       Samples with their respective bacteria isolates                                                           27

4.5       Morphological characteristics of the bacteria isolated                                                28

4.6       Reaction following the analysis of MPN                                                                    29

4.7       Occurrence of presumptive coliforms in the tube of MPN                                         30

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1       BACKGROUND INFORMATIONS

Following the theory of creation, water is said to be the as old as man. Right from the ancient days, water has been useful to man and livestock for domestic and other purposes. Most of water sources use by living things includes rivers, streams, lake, oceans and seas in which the bodies can be polluted with domestic, industrial and well as agricultural waste.

The problem of water pollution increase as the population increases and this water pollution is said to have a significant effect on human health as a result of being polluted by fecal materials which is the potential carrier of pathogenic organism (Carpenter, 1977). Water is also involved in most of the biochemical reaction that occurs in metabolism and growth of the living cells.

Water is not for only drinking purposes rather water serves a numerous purposes for man such as bathing, washing, laundering, heating, air conditioning, agriculture, stork raising, gardens, fire protection, industrial processes etc.

Water is broadly divided into three parts viz: surface water which includes streams, rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. The ground water, which include well, borehole or tap water, and the atmospheric water which include rainfalls and snows. All water bodies and algae, some of these microorganisms are indigenous to thus the water while other entered into the water from natural environment (Pelezer and Rag, 1997).  The bacterial that are mostly found in water include Microccus archacbacter and Actinomycetes (Gebharal, 1975). Tap water is the most widely used domestically and it is observed that tap changes sometimes in order to be sure of its portability, has to be analyzed (Bonde, 1977).

The increase in drinking water from different source has made necessary to investigate the microbial content of water. Most of drinking water source are often contaminated with different pollutants like feces, animal and plant wastes making such water unfit for drinking if not treated. The pollution of water with pathogenic organisms and other pollutants can only be detected by carrying out microbiological assessment of such water. Water pathogens are said to be the causative agent of typhoid paratyphoid cholera, amobiasis, Trichinosis, Gastroenteritis Salmonella shigellosis, Diphtheria, Giadia, Dracunculus etc. These are said to be water borne disease.

Through drinking water, these diseases can spread to the whole community if care is not taking. The possible way to prevent this outbreak is by carrying out the analysis of water to determine the microbial load and to check if the number of the microbe is beyond or below its acceptable limit.

1.2    AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

To isolate, identify, and characterize bacteria from surface water.

To isolate, identify, and characterize bacteria from pipe borne water.

To the microbial load of pipe borne water with surface water.

To identify if the number of microbe present is acceptable.

1.3       STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

These sources of water are contaminated through one way or the other. The short falls in the distribution of treated pipe borne water leads people to resort to alternative source of water which may be unfavorable to human consumption. Tap water can be polluted through leakages/improper plumbing. Streams can be contaminated through waste from industries, leaves dust, and rain run often.

1.4       SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

The study endures water meets the standard quality required for any particular purpose.

1.5       LIMITATION

The survey is limited on bacterial flora only and not all microorganism and only few samples are worked on due to lack of fund.

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