ABSTRACT
Solar charge
controller
limits the rate at which electric current is added to or
drawn from solar panel to electric batteries. It prevents
overcharging and may protect against overvoltage, which can
reduce battery performance or lifespan, and may pose a safety risk. It may also
prevent completely draining (“deep discharging”) a battery, or perform
controlled discharges, depending on the battery technology, to protect battery
life. The terms “charge controller” or “charge regulator” may refer to either a
stand-alone device, or to control circuitry integrated within a battery pack,
solar battery-powered device, or battery charger.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
1.2 Statement of the Problem
1.3 Objectives of the Study
1.4 Scope of the Project
1.5 Significance of the Project
1.6 Purpose of the Study
1.7 Applications of the Project
1.8 Project organization
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Review
of the Project
2.2 Charger
Controller Types
2.3 Background
Solar Energy
2.4 Historical
Background of Solar Cells
2.5 Theory
of Solar Cells
2.6 Review
of Related Studies
CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN
METHODOLOGY
3.1 System Block Diagram
3.2 System Circuit Diagram
3.3 Component Description
3.4 Circuit Description
3.5 Software Used
3.6 Power Supply Unit
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Installation
of the Complete Design
4.2 Construction Procedure and
Testing
4.3 Casing and Packaging
4.4 Assembling Of Sections
4.5 Testing Of System Operation
4.6 Problem Encountered
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATION
References
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Energy plays vital role for
development in all sectors. With depletion of fossil fuels used for power
generation and increase in demand for power, the gap between supply and demand
is becoming more. Renewable energy sources can only provide solution to face
this energy crisis. Out of renewable energy options, solar energy is the most
potential source for all tropical countries. Sun radiates 180 billion MW of
energy over Earth Just one hour of this energy could meet power needs of entire
planet for a year. India receives 5000 Trillion KWhrs of energy from SUN per
annum. This energy is clean, pollution free and inexhaustible and is available
free and in abundance. Basically the components involved in solar system are PV
panel, DC-DC Converter, Battery, Inverter.
The PV panel produces electrical
voltage/current from solar energy. This solar panel can produce more than the
rated voltage to the battery which can be dangerous to the battery due to the
high radiation of the sun. In order to tackle the present energy crisis it is
necessary to develop an efficient manner in which power has to be extracted
from the incoming solar radiation. The use of the newest power control
mechanisms called solar charge controller was invented.
Solar Charge controller is basically
a voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging.
Solar Charge Controller is fully
configurable and developed to meet the highest industry standards to ensure
maximal efficiency in retrieving energy from any PV system. When connected to
solar panels and batteries, the solar charge controller automatically charges
the batteries in an optimal way with all the available solar power. Solar
charger controller’s sophisticated three stage charge control system
can be configured to optimize charge parameters to precise battery
requirements. The unit is fully protected against voltage transients, over
temperature, over current, reverse battery and reverse PV connections. An
automatic current limit feature allows use of the full capability without
worrying about overload from excessive current, voltage or amp-hour based load
control.
1.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
The objective of this work is to
design a device that will maintain the required voltage magnitude coming from
solar panel necessary for the load or control the battery voltage supplied from
solar panel. This device is built around a AT89C2051 microcontroller,
Microcontroller AT89C2051 is the heart of the circuit. It is a low-voltage,
high-performance, 8-bit microcontroller that features 2 kB of Flash, 128 bytes
of RAM, 15 input/ output (I/O) lines, two 16-bit timers/ counters, a
five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port, a
precision analogue comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.
1.2 SCOPE OF THE PROJECT
The main scope of project is, the
photovoltaic cells are converting the sunlight in to electricity a charge
controller is used. PV cells are bundled together in modules or panels to
produce higher voltages and increased power. As the sunlight varies in intensity
the electricity so generated usually charges through the charge a set of
batteries for storing the energy. Controller in this project is used: To
generate the variable PWM for DC-DC CONVERTER, to control the battery voltage
and Controlling the load variation.
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE
OF THE PROJECT
Solar Charge controller is basically
a voltage and/or current regulator to keep batteries from overcharging. It
regulates the voltage and current coming from the solar panels going to the
battery. Most “12 volt” panels put out about 16 to 20
volts, so if there is no regulation the batteries will be damaged from
overcharging. Most batteries need around 14 to 14.5 volts to get fully charged.
Solar Charge controller may also monitor battery temperature to prevent
overheating. Some charge controller systems also display data, transmit data to
remote displays, and data logging to track electric flow over time.
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE
PROJECT
Use of batteries with solar panels
is usually not good. So to avoid failure of batteries before time solar charge
controller is used. For example you have a 12 volt battery and you want to
charge it with 12 volt solar panel. 12 volt solar panel outputs 17-20 volt. So
these 17-20 volt may damage battery due to overcharging, because batteries
maximum charging voltage is usually between 13.5-14 volt. To avoid this issue
we need to develop a regulator which can control flow of charge from solar
panel towards battery. Solar charge controller is used for this purpose.
1.5 APPLICATION OF
THE PROJECT
Solar Charge controller circuits are
used for rechargeable electronic devices such as cell phones, laptop computers,
portable audio players, and uninterruptible power supplies, as well as for
larger battery systems found in electric vehicles and orbiting space satellites.
1.6 PROJECT WORK
ORGANISATION
The various stages involved in the
development of this project have been properly put into five chapters to
enhance comprehensive and concise reading. In this project thesis, the project
is organized sequentially as follows:
Chapter one of this work is on the
introduction to the study. In this chapter, the background, significance,
objective, purpose, and application of the study were discussed.
Chapter two is on literature review
of this study. In this chapter, all the literature pertaining to this work was
reviewed.
Chapter three is on design
methodology. In this chapter all the method involved during the design and
construction were discussed.
Chapter four is on testing analysis.
All testing that result accurate functionality was analyzed.
Chapter five is on conclusion,
recommendation and references
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