ABSTRACT
With constant power outage, hike in
the price of fuel, which could be used for combustible energy source; while
having rising demand for power supply due to the increasing population of
Nigeria and the world at large. A means to conserve and store energy becomes
imperative. Batteries have taken the place of one of the main energy sources
available in developing countries. These could be found as used in LED reading
lamps, portable table fans, laptops, mobile phones, other portable devices and
even in the common means of transportation for igniting the engine. Bearing all
of these in mind, a means to replenish the lost charge from the battery becomes
a problem statement. This project is targeted at designing a suitable battery
charger with artificial intelligence to be able to charge these batteries at a
high speed and with maximum effiCiency. Hence the objective here is to design
with the aid of a micro-controller (89S52), LCD, op amps and step-down
transformer a cheap, versatile, efficient and intelligent battery charger which
will interest and appeal to the “cost-minded” consumer.
The general structure of the system is
presented in this report. The function of each component and subsystem is
explained and the hardware and software details of the device are explained as
well.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 MOTIVATION FOR THE DESIGN
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
CHAPTER TWO
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2 CHARGING A BATTERY
2.3 TYPES OF BATTERY CHARGERS
2.4 PROTECTION
2.5 REMOTE SENSING
2.6 BATTERY CHARGER INSTALLATION
2.7 BATTERY CHEMISTRIES
2.7 BATTERY CHARGER SELECTION BY CALCULATION
EXAMPLE
2.8 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO 8051
MICRO-CONTROLLER
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
3.1 CONSTRUCTIONAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT
3.2 ATS9SS2
3.3 THE CHARGING TRANSFORMER
3.4 THE RECTIFIER AND FILTER CIRCUIT
3.8 DIODES
3.9 FILTER CAPACITORS
3.9 CONTROL SOFTWARE PROGRAM DESIGN
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 CONCLUSION
4.1 RECOMMENDATION
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
: The program written in assembly language
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
As the world continues to advance
technologically, man constantly seek better ways of doing things thereby
reducing cost of living. The use of portable electronic devices is in the
increase, the thought of electric and solar vehicles discusses the use of batteries
as its major energy storage device, the use of inverters and uninterrupted
power supplies (UPS) also require the capability of the battery to store charge
temporarily. Hence batteries need to be recharged or replaced periodically in
these myriad of equipments, but the better option will be to recharge the
battery using any available means. The battery charger presented here brings a
solution to the problem that has been presented by all these devices. The
objective of this project is to create a battery charger with alphanumerical
LCD module to monitor and display the values of voltage during charging, to
charge most common rechargeable 12 volts batteries The design is separated into
three basic parts, charging circuit, controller circuit and LCD monitoring
screen. This charger is able to protect the battery from overcharge and
discharging by regulating the battery current and voltage and providing optimum
power transfer from the charger arid presenting the voltage value of the
battery on the LCD. Using AT89S52 as a brain of the system, all the processes
are managed by the controller including the data that displays on the LCD
screen. Some of which are battery voltage, battery charging, battery frill and
automatically stop the charging process before battery is overcharge. The
finishing of the final design was done with aid of a readymade stabilizer
casing, this was to reduce cost and improve aesthetic value of the design.
Provision was made for also in the event of future improvements and
evolutionary capability.
1.1 MOTIVATION
FOR THE DESIGN
The market is saturated with a lot of
battery chargers, both big and small with the constantly emerging technologies.
Their complexities cost and efficiency levels all play a big role in the choice
of the suitable charger for the desired application. The key motivating factor
for the design and implementation of this project is to design a portable
system with user-friendly interface, reasonable recharging time, durable and
low cost design, with relatively simple circuitry.
Portability - portability is an
essential feature of modem devices, hence it comes into play in this design.
This means that the battery charger will be small in size and probably light
weighted (3).
User-friendly interface - Since most
of the users are not familiar with consumer electronics, it becomes imperative
that this design be extremely user friendly, making use of intuitive graphic
interfaces that opposes solely relying on written descriptions.
Reasonable recharge time - The
recharge time is a crucial concern of the customer, and usually can be the
deciding factor between designs. If the battery takes too long to charge, then
the customer will not be able to efficiently maximize the use the charger.
Hence this design makes provision for high speed charging. Durable design - The
durability of this design will be a major requirement from the customer. A
robust design will be more useful to our customers because of lengthened
product life.
Low cost - Since the market is filled
with chargers of different types already, low price has to be part of the
considerations made to be able to get the product to a lot of users, especially
in a developing country like Nigeria where cost is a major deterrent for
prospective users
1.2 PROBLEM
STATEMENT
Not many reasonable chargers are found
in the market place, hence the problem this project targets to solve are as
listed below:
1.
To
design a system that will charge battery optimally and must not overcharge the
battery.
2.
To
design a system that must indicate the charging status of the battery, as this
is an essential need of the consumer.
3.
To
design a system that must not drain the battery i.e. it must have control circuitry
to keep the battery fully charged when not in use
4.
To
design a system with Cheap and readily available parts.
5.
To
design a system that can withstand the harsh environmental conditions of developing
nations like Nigeria.
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