ABSTRACT
The aim of the study was to carryout a comparative analysis of pipeborne water and other sources of water in Ikwuano Locality. A total of ten (10) water samples were collected from Umuariaga, Umugbalu, Amawom, Amaoba, Amandoro, Isiala and Umuosoko. The samples analyzed were aseptically collected into separate sterile containers. The media and reagents used for bacteriological analysis of water were weighed out and prepared according to manufacturers’ specification. Nutrient agar (NA), MacConkey agar (MA), Eosin methylene blue agar (EMBA). The spread plate method was used. Ten-fold serial dilution of each water sample was prepared aseptically in physiological saline of 10-1 up to 10-4 and 0.1 ml aliquot of each dilution was plated on Nutrient agar plates in triplicate. All incubations were conducted at 37°C for 24 hrs under aerobic conditions. After incubation and several biochemical and Morphological characteristics were carried out, Nine (9) bacterial genera was observed which include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Proteus sp Bacillus. The temperature of the water samples ranged between 28.0 and 28.9°C, while the pH ranged from 6.40 to 8.59. All the samples were colorless and odorless . The water samples from the boreholes had a coliform range of 8x104 to 1.0 x104cfu/ml while the total bacterial count ranged from 7.0 x 104 to 0.2x 104 . The Morphological and Biochemical Characteristics of Isolates which Nine (9) bacterial genera was observed which include Escherichia coli, Streptococcus sp, Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella sp, Enterobacter, Flavobacterium, Proteus sp and Bacillus sp. The percentage occurrence of microbial isolates. Enterobacter 17% was predominant, followed by Staphylococcus sp 13%, Klebsiella sp 13, Proteus sp 13, while E.coli 8.7%, Streptococcus 8.7%, Pseudomonas sp 8.7%, Bacillus sp 8.7% and Flavobacterium 8.7% were less predominant. It is advisable that the regulatory agencies should ensure that waste waters from the surface and potable waters be properly treated before it is released into the environment to avoid contamination of the rivers and streams that most of the populace particularly in developing world rely on for human sustenance.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgments iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables v
Abstract vi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1
Aim and Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review
4
2.1 Drinking Water 5
2.2 Sources of Water 7
2.3 Quality of Borehole Water 8
2.4 Variations in Borehole Water Quality 10
2.5 Quality of Water and Health 11
2.6 Water Quality Standards 12
2.7 Requirements for Quality Drinking Water 13
2.7 Water Pollution 14
2.8 Factors Influencing Quality of Stream
Water 15
2.8.1 Dissolved Oxygen 17
2.8.2 Nitrate 17
2.8.3 Phosphorous 18
2.8.4 Bacteria 18
2.8.5 pH 19
2.8.6 Turbidity 19
2.8.6 Temperature 20
2.8.7 Salinity 21
2.8.8 Flow rate 21
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 22
3.1 Study Area 22
3.2 Collection
of Water Samples 22
3.3 Sterilization 23
3.4 Assessment
of Physico-Chemical Parameters 23
3.5 Microbiological
Tests 24
3.5.1 Media
used and their preparation 24
3.5.2 Enumeration and Detection
of Bacteria 24
3.6
Biochemical Tests and Identification of Microbial Isolates 27
3.6.1
Gram Staining 27
3.6.2
Motility Test 27
3.6.3 Catalase Test 28
3.6.4 Indole Test 28
3.6.5
Starch hydrolysis test 28
3.7 Sugar Fermentation Test 29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results
30
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and
Recommendations 35
5.1 Discussion 35
5.2 Conclusion 38
5.3 Recommendations 39
References
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1
Samples sources and their
physical parameters 31
2
Total bacterial and
coliform counts of water samples 32
3
Morphological and
biochemical characteristics of isolates 33
4
Percentage occurrence of
microbial isolates from pipeborne water and
other sources 34
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Water is one of the most
abundant resources on which life on earth depends; in some places, availability
of water is critical, limited and renewable. Shortage of water could lead to
disease outbreak and economic loss, hence water is a necessity, it is a unique
liquid and without it life is impossible (Ajayi and Akonai, 2015). Water plays
a vital role in the proper functioning of the earth’s ecosystem. Man uses water
for various purposes which include drinking, transportation, industrial and
domestic use, irrigation in agriculture recreation, fisheries, and waste
disposal among others (Shittu et al.,
2008; Ajayi and Akonai, 2015). Water that is of a good drinking quality is
important to human physiology, and man’s continued existence depends so much on
its availability (Lamikanra, 1999; FAO, 1997). The quality of water for
drinking deteriorates due to inadequacyof treatment plants, direct discharge of
untreated sewage into rivers and stream, and inefficient management of piped
water distribution system (UNEP, 2009).
The contaminated water
therefore has critical impact on all biotic components of the ecosystem and
this could affect its use for other purposes. Water receives its bacteria
spores from air, sewage, organic waste, dead plants and animal, at times almost
all microorganisms may be found in water, but bacteria appeared to be the major
water pollutant. Majority of the bacteria found in nature live on dead decaying
organic matter as saprophytes (Peter and George, 1989). Bacteria also help in
the digestion of poisons from food and water. Presence of other species could
cause various diseases to man and other animals.
Arnone and Walling (2007) argued that
water is absolutely essential to life, not only human life but all life, animal
and vegetable. Most of the biochemical reaction that occur in metabolism and
growth of living cells involved water, and all takes place in water. (Beaver and
Crisman,2009).Man uses
water not only for drinking purposes but also for bathing, washing, laundering,
heating, air conditioning, agriculture, stock raising and gardens, industrial
processes and cooling water power and steampower, fire protection, fishing,
swimming and wild life propagation and navigation. Rehmann and Soupir (2009)
posit that water is broadly divided into three major types viz., surface water
which include: streams, rivers, lakes seas, and oceans. The ground water, which
includes; well, bore hole, many people have defined the ground water in
different ways: ground water is non saturated water that occurs where all pores
in the soil or rock counting materials are saturated. The atmospheric water,
which include rainfalls. All water bodies consist of a variety of bacterial and
other microorganisms like the Algae, fungi, which inhabit these natural water
bodies. Some of these microorganisms are indigenous to this natural water while
others are transient, entering the water from external environment (Rhodes and Kator,
2010).
Water is a potential carrier of
pathogenic organisms that can endanger human life. Most drinking water sources are often contaminated
with different pollutants like faeces, animal and plant wastes, making such
water unfit for drinking if not treated. The pollution of water with pathogenic
organisms and other pollutants can only be detected by carrying out
microbiological assessment of such water. Most human diseases such as
typhoid,paratyphoid,cholera, amobiasis, trichinosis, gastroenteritis,
salmonella shigellosis, diphtheria, giadia, dracunculus etc are known to be
water borne disease (Neyecherya et al., 2005).Water
borne diseases are those diseases which have water as their vehicle of
transmission these diseases are capable of destroying a whole community if not
checked. Therefore, the quickest ways to prevent outbreak of these diseases and
to determine the portability of such water sources is todetermine the microbial
load or content, if the microbial content is not within acceptable limit, such
water sources should be condemned immediately.
Water obtained from
boreholes, wells, streams and rivers are never chemically pure, even rain water
contains dissolved materials from the air as well as suspended dust intermixed
with microorganisms (Prescott et al.,
2008). Impurities in water may be floating as suspended matter consisting of
insoluble materials of greater density than water which could be removed by
sedimentation and in the form of bacteria. The bacteriological examination of
water is performed routinely by microbiologists and this will ensure a safe
supply of water for drinking, cooking, bathing, etc.
but to empirically ascertain if any difference exist between pipeborne water
and other sources of water, the study is bent to
analytically ascertain through comparative analysis the difference between
pipeborne water and other sources of water especially in Ikwuano Locality.
1.2
Aim
and Objectives
The aim of this research was to carryout a comparative
analysis of pipeborne water and other sources of water in Ikwuano Locality.
However, the following specific objectives are pursued:
i.
To identify the various
sources of water supply available in the study area;
ii.
To compare and contrast
the physiochemical quality of pipe borne water and other sources of water;
iii.
To compare the microbial
load and content of pipeborne water and other sources of water.
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