ABSTRACT
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease affecting human and other animals caused by parasitic single – called microorganism belonging to the plasmodium group. Malaria causes symptoms that typically include fever, malaise, vomiting, and headache. In severe cases it cause jaundice, seizures, coma or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days after being bitten by infected mosquito. In Dutse also, malaria during pregnancy are as reported by similar report in 2013 are the measure cause of maternal mortality and morbidity with about 460 case annually. Therefore when the result of this research is obtained it will be helpful to health workers to generate health problem, however at individual level, the community could provide the perception and understanding about the malaria and it is effect to pregnancy women and their unborn child both in national and state level. The study was carried carry out only at Dutse general hospital. This study determined the effects of malaria among 175 randomly-selected pregnant women attending the Dutse General hospital for antenatal care. Finally research recommended that; Regular environmental sanitation to dislodge mosquitoes from their breeding places will go a long way to reduce prevalence of malaria in villages commonly seen in the tropics. Early antenatal booking for effective monitoring and prompt treatment of malaria in pregnancy will contribute significantly in reducing maternal morbidity and mortality, and its perinatal mortality, and it is of necessity that routine intermittent preventive treatment of malaria is recommended for pregnant women in this area. Several studies have shown that protection against malaria contributes to the prevention of malaria in pregnancy, thus highlighting the importance and efficacy of chemoprophylaxis and use of other methods of malaria control like insecticide impregnated nets.
TABLE OF CONTENT
Tittle page.
....................................................................................................................................i
Approval Page ……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Declaration.
..............................................
.....................................................................................iii
Certification ............ ….............…........…
....................................................................................iv
Dedication. ........................................
.............................................................................................v
Acknowledgement. .......................................................................................................................,vi
Table of contents.
..........................................................................................................................vii
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………………………viii
CHAPTER
ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study - - - - - - - - - -1
1.2 Statement of the
research problem- - - - - - - -2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of
the study- - - - - - - - -3
1.4 Research question:- - - - - - - - - -3
1.5 Justification - - - - - - - - - -3
1.6 Limitation of the study - - - - - - - - -4
1.7 Significant of the study - - - - - - - - -4
1.8 Definition of Terms - - - - - - - - - -4
CHAPTER
TWO
LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1 Trends in Prevalence of Malaria in Pregnancy - - - - - -6
2.2 Epidemiological Factors of Malaria- - - - - - - -6
2.3 Effects of Maternal Malaria on Infants - - - - - - -8
2.4 Immune Response to Malaria during Pregnancy - - - - - -8
2.5 Antenatal Care Service - - - - - - - - -9
2.6 Confirmatory Diagnosis of Malaria - - - - - - -11
2.7 Challenges to Diagnosis of Malaria- - - - - - - -14
2.8 Knowledge about Symptoms of Malaria - - - - - - -15
2.9 Attitude towards malaria - - - - - - - - -16
2.10 Gender Roles and Treatment Seeking
Behaviour- - - - - -17
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Study Area - - - - - - - - - -18
3.2 Study Population - - - - - - - - - -18
3.3 Sample Size/Sampling
Technique - - - - - - -18
3.4 Method of data
collection - - - - - - - - -19
3.5 Method for Data Analysis - - - - - - - - -19
CHAPTER
FOUR
DATA
ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION
4.1.
Introduction - - - - - - - - - - -20
4.4.
Discussion - - - - - - - - - -22
CHAPTER
FIVE
SUMMARY,
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary - - - - - - - - - - -25
5.2. Conclusion - - - - - - - - - -25
5.3.
Recommendation - - - - - - - - - -25
REFERENCES25
APPENDIX
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of study
Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease
affecting human and other animals caused by parasitic single – called
microorganism belonging to the plasmodium group. Malaria causes symptoms that
typically include fever, malaise, vomiting, and headache. In severe cases it cause
jaundice, seizures, coma or death. Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen days
after being bitten by infected mosquito. If not properly treated, people may
have recurrences of the disease month later in those who have infected,
re-infection usually causes milder symptoms. This partial resistance disappears
over months to years if the person has no continuing exposure to malaria. (WHO
2005).
The disease is most commonly
transmitted by an infected by an infected female anopheles mosquito. The
mosquito bite introduces the parasites from the mosquito saliva in to a person
blood. The parasite travel to liver where they mature and produce. Five species
of plasmodium can infect and be spread by humans. Most deaths are caused by P.
falciparum because P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae
generally cause a milder form of malaria. The species P. knowlesi rarely causes
disease in humans. Malaria is typically diagnose by the microscopic examination
of blood using blood films, or with antigen –based rapid diagnosis tests.
Methods that use the polymerase chain reaction to detect the parasites DNA have
been developed, but are not widely used in areas where malaria is common due to
their cost and complexity. Therefore the distribution of malaria in Africa may
be classified broadly into four epidemiological areas the hypo, meso, halo and
hyper-endemic areas. The epidemiological location is made by several factors
including the ecosystem, climate, and state of the environment, human behavior,
vectors and parasite bionomics (WHO,2005).
Malaria is ubiquitous in the tropical
regions of the world. It is found in central America, the Island Hispaniola in
the Caribbean, the Amazon region of south America, throughout most of sub
Saharan Africa, part of the Arabian peninsula, the near east, and in parts of
the South Pacific. Many of these same regions also share heavy HIV/AIDS and TB
burdens (NMIS, 2010).Malaria is endemic throughout most of the tropics,
approximately 3.4 million people worldwide WHO) state that more than
207millions developed symptomatic malaria in 2012. An estimated 655000 persons
died of malaria in 2010 out of which eighty six percent of the victims were
children under 5 years of age and about 91% of malaria related death occurred
in the WHO African region and approximately 300-500 million cases a year.
Nigeria, the Democratic of Congo, Burkina Faso, Mozambique, Cote d’Ivore and
Mali –account for 60%or 390,000,of malaria death globally (WHO, 2010). Malaria
is transmitted through out Nigeria. Five ecological zones define the intensity
and seasonality of transmission and the mosquito vector species: mangrove
swamps; rain forest; guinea-savannah; Sudan savannah; and Sahel –savannah. The
duration of the transmission sea son decreases from year round transmission in
the south to three months or less in the north. Malaria accounts for 60%of
outpatient visit and 30% of hospitalizations among children under five years of
age. It is also responsible for estimated 300,000 deaths in children under five
years of age each year and contributes to an estimated 11% of maternal
mortality (WHO 2010). Malaria poses a significant public health challenge with
a high global burden.
However, large regional disparities
exist in the burden of malaria (WHO, 2015). SubSaharan Africa alone accounted
for 90% of the malaria cases and 92% of malaria death worldwide (WHO 2016). The
number of malaria cases declined by 42% while the malaria death rate declined
by 66% in the African region. Nigeria and republic of Congo are two major
countries contributing to the high malaria burden, as 36% of the malaria cases
worldwide occurred in these two countries (WHO, 2016) poverty and geography
play significant roles in the prevalence of malaria in the country.
The species found in Africa have a
long lifespan and prefer to bite human; a significant factor for the high
prevalence of malaria in Africa furthermore, climatic conditions like rainfall,
temperature and humidity affect the survival of mosquitoes, thus increasing the
transmission rates of malaria.
1.2 Statement of the research problem:
Malaria infection during pregnancy poses
substantial risk to the mother, her fetus, and the neonate. The prevalence of
parasitemia appears greatest in the second trimester, and susceptibility of
clinical malaria may persist into the early postpartum period. Due to the
endemicity and high transmission rate of malaria in Nigeria. Dutse town in
particular has the high Prevalence malaria in pregnancy to their natural
resources high population which leads to improper sewage treatment which are
the major mosquito breeding Environment. pregnant women have acquired immunity
being resident in stable malaria area and are susceptible to subclinical
infections, which may result in adverse effects to both mother and child. It
significantly contributes to anemia in pregnancy; increases the occurrence of
low birth weight; is associated with pre-term deliveries, still births and
prenatal mortality. (WHO 2018,).
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the study
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence of malaria among the
pregnancy women at Dutse general hospital, Dutse LGA, Jigawa State.
1.3.1 Objectives of the study:
The mains objectives of the study is to:
i) To suggest possible ways to solve the problem.
ii). Identify the number of pregnancy women with
malaria in Dutse.
iii). To enlighten and educate the pregnancy women on
malaria and it's complications.
1.4 Research question:
This research attempt to provides answers to the
following questions:
i). What are the possible ways to solve the problem.
ii). How to Identify the number of pregnancy women
with malaria in Dutse.
iii). How to enlight and educate the pregnancy women
on malaria and it's complications.
1.5 Justification
Malaria during pregnancy has become
one of the major public health concern, an estimate of over 2000 cases far year
occurs Worldwide. (WHO 2018,) However
Nigeria suffers the world's greatest malaria burden, with approximately 51
million cases and 207,000 deaths reported annually (approximately 30 % of the
total malaria burden in Africa), while 97 % of the total population
(approximately 173 million) is at risk of infection.
Jigawa state in particular also has
Overall malaria prevalence ranged between 2,743 and 12,916 per 100,000
populations.
In Dutse also, malaria during
pregnancy are as reported by similar report in 2013 are the measure cause of maternal
mortality and morbidity with about 460 case annually.
Therefore when the result of this
research is obtained it will be helpful to health workers to generate health
problem, however at individual level, the community could provide the
perception and understanding about the malaria and it is effect to pregnancy
women and their unborn child both in national and state level.
1.6 Limitation of the study:
The study was carried carry out only
at Dutse general hospital.
1.7 Significant of the study:
In light of the above, the research
is hoped to be of great help to the pregnancy women of Dutse. This is obviously
due to the role of malaria in the world, sub-saharan African countries in particular,
It's importance can not be over emphasized:
i).To drastically decrease the
prevalence of malaria among the pregnancy women.
ii). To enlighten and mobilise the
pregnancy women about the importance of sleeping inside the long lasting
insecticide mosquito net.
iii). The research also be useful
contribution to the hospital and the community in general (Hiskilu muh'd JCOEG.,2022).
1.8 Definition of Terms
The definition of the key term is as
follows:
i) Assessment:
is the systematic basis for making inferences about the learning and
development of students. It is the process of defining, selecting, designing,
collecting, analyzing, interpreting, and using information to increase
students' learning and development.
ii) Prevalence: Prevalence
is the proportion of a population who have a specific characteristic in a given
time period (NIMH 2018).
iii)
Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease
affecting human and other animals caused by parasitic single – called
microorganism belonging to the plasmodium group (WHO 2014). Malaria causes
symptoms that typically include fever, malaise, vomiting, and headache. In
severe cases it cause jaundice,
seizures, coma or death (Caraballo 2014). Symptoms usually begin ten to fifteen
days after being bitten by infected
mosquitos (WHO 2014).
iv). Pregnancy women: pregnancy,
process and series of changes that take place in a woman’s organs and tissues
as a result of a developing fetus. The entire process from fertilization to
birth takes an average of 266–270 days, or about nine months (Ockwood 2018,)
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