ABSTRACT
Infection with Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious public health problem worldwide, with over 360 million carriers. Sixty million of these are resident in Sub-saharan Africa. Hepatitis B infection is the cause of Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the second commonest cause of death from cancers among women in The Gambia. Vertical transmission is the commonest route of spread of Hepatitis B Virus in many endemic areas. The main aim of the study was to determine the sero-prevalence of Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital, Banjul, The Gambia.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page
Declaration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
Certification-------------------------------------------------------------------------------ii
Approval page----------------------------------------------------------------------------iii
Acknowledgement-----------------------------------------------------------------------iv
Dedication---------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
Abstract------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
1.1background to the study - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Aims and Objective - - - - - - - 3
1.2.2 objective - - - - - - - - 3
1.3 Statement of the Research - - - - - - - 3
1.4. Justification of the study - - - - - - - 4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review - - - - - - - - 5
2.1 introduction - - - - - - - 5
2.2 Sign and Symptom - - - - - - - 7
2.3 Mode of Transmission - - - - - 8
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 material and method - - - - - 9
3.1 Equipment Apparatus Glass Ware are Listed in Appendix 1 9
3.2 study Area - - - - - - - 9
3.3 Sample Collection - - - - - - 9
3.4 Venous Blood Techniques - - - - -- 9
3.5 Laboratory Diagnosis Test - - - - - 10
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Result and Discussion - - - - - 12
4.1 Result - - - - - - - 12
4.2 Discussion - - - - - - - - -13
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 summary, conclusion and recommendation - - -- 15
5.1 Summary - - - - - - 15
5.2 Conclusion - - - - - - - 16
5.3 Recommendation - - - - - - - 17
Appendix: List of material for the research work- - -- 18
References - - - - - - - - - 19
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Introduction hepatitis is an inflammatory of the liver characterized by the presence of inflammatory well in the organ of the it may occur with limited or no symptoms, but often lead to jaundice, anorexia (poor appeties) and malaise. Hepatitis is acute when it last than six months and chronic when it persis longer (Ahmedian,2004).
A group of various known as the hepatitis viruses causes most cases of hepatitis world wide, but it can also be to due toxins (notably alcohol, certain medications and plans) other infection and auto immune diseases( Ali 2006) the hepatitis virus is found in the blood and other body fluids and is transmitted from person the most common routes of infection includes blood transfusion and blood product where there is no screening for blood – borne virus, medical or dental intervention in countries where equipment is not adequately sterilization mother to infant during child birth sexual transmission (in the case of hepatitis B) sharing equipment for injection drugs sharing straws notes e.t.c for snorting cocaine ( cocaine is particularly alkaline and corrosive) sharing razors tooth brush or other household article tattoving and body piecing if done using unsterile equipment (Ahmed 2004).
The hepatitis B virus is spread between people through contact with the blood or other body fluids ( i.e semon, vaginal fluids and saliva) of an infected person with infected person, while the hepatitis C viral is spread through direct contact with infected blood. Very rarely it can also be passed on through body fluid. Many people infected with hepatitis B or C rarely display any symptoms although they can still transmitted the virus to other ( Ahmed 2004).
Hepatitis B is an infection inflammatory illness the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) of family Hepadnaviridae and genus orthohepadnavirus that affect horminodear including human originally known as “ serum hepatitis” (Barker, el al, 1996).
High hepatitis B virus found in sub- Saharan African, khalari desert areas, areas, south east Asian, China pacific island Amazon basin. Most people become infected at birth or during childhood. Or by sexual contact and up to 20% become chronic carries particularly those infected between 1.5 years.
World wide they are estimate to be 450 million chronic carries of HBV. Hepatitis B virus is a hepadnavirus from hepatotropic ( attracted to the liver) and DNA because it is a DNA. The viruses replicate through RNA intermediate from by reverse transcription which in practice relate them to refroviruses.
Although replication takes place in the liver the virus spread to the blood where viral protein and anti bodies against them are found in infected people (Zuckerman 1996) the hepatitis B virus is to 50 to 100 times more infectious than HIV (locarnini 2004).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
1.2.1 AIM
The aim of this research is to determine the prevalence of hepatitis B virus infection among the patient attending General Hospital Dutse.
1.2.2 OBJECTIVE
i. To identify the consequence of hepatitis virus infection on pregnant women
ii. To determine the risk factors of associated with hepatitis B
1.3 STATEMENT OF THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
Hepatitis B (HBV) is the main actiological factor in of exposure chronic liver disease ( isselbacher and wans 1991).
The transmission of hepatitis B virus is as a result from exposure to infectious blood transfusion re- use of contaminated needles and syringes and vertical transmission is greatest for infant born to women who are HB,AG positive with infectivity rate of 70 to 90% at six (6) month of age about 90% of these children remain chronically infected in pregnancy is important in view of the host ( pregnant women) it effort in the process of parturition and risk of vertical transmission from mother to child or even infant.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF RESEARCH
Hepatitis B virus are one of the diseases that effect human particularly pregnancy women and those at lower age. Because with out intervention , a mother who is also positive for HB, AG confers a 20% risk of passing the infection to her offspring at the time of birth risk is as high risk is high as 90% if the mother is also positive of HB,AG. The proposal is designed to survey the prevalence of HBV infection whose status need to be defined and limited to patient attending General hospital Dutse.
Therefore, this information is of necessary in any attempt to find out a evaluate the possible effect of HBV virus among patient within the study area.
1.5 scope and delimitation
This research will lover the period of approximately two month and limited to only attending General hospital Dutse.
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