• $

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF THE SEEDS OF CARICA PAPYA (L), GARCINIA KOLA HECKEL, AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA K. SCHUMAND PERSEA AMARICANA MILL

  • 0 Review(s)

Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009704

No of Pages: 43

No of Chapters: 1-5

File Format: Microsoft Word

Price :

$20

  • $

ABSTRACT

The ethanoic and aqueous extract of seeds of Alligator pepper, Avocado pear, Bitter kola and Paw-paw were subjected to phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity study. The study indicates that the extract of the seeds of Bitter kola (ethanoic) was active against all the test organisms at 100mg/ml zone of inhibition ranging from 8.33mm in Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aureginosa to 11mm in Salmonella typhi. The ethanoic extract of Paw-paw inhibited Pseudomonas aureginosa the most at 100mg/ml at the diameter of 10.33mm. The aqueous extract of Avocado pear seed best inhibits Pseudomonas aureginosa at 150mg/ml at 8.33mm, Alligator pepper aqueous extract inhibits two test organisms at 150mg/ml ranging from 9mm to 9.67mm in Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus substilis respectively. The result reveals the presence of compounds in the seed extract and were found to be a rich source of phytochemical. The studies on Bitter kola, Paw-paw, Avocado pear and Alligator pepper extract exhibited their antimicrobial potential which could be exploited for pharmaceutical purposes and therapeutic potentials. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of extracts were determined for the various organism.  Staphylococcus aureus has a remarkable inhibition with the aqueous extract of Carica papaya at the diameter 8.33 1.53 as with ethanoic extract of Aframomum melegueta that inhibits staphylococcus aureus at 17.667 1.53, Salmonella typhi was best inhibited with the aqueous extract of Persea Americana at the diameter of 8.663 1.53 against Garcinia kola that inhibits Salmonella typhi at the diameter of 20.333 .Bacillus substilis was inhibited at a good diameter of11.667 1.15 with aqueous extract of Carica papaya against ethanoic extract of Garcinia kola at the diameter of 21.000  2.00 and Pseudomonas aeroginosa was inhibited with the aqueous extract of Aframomum melegueta against a high diameter of 19.667  1.15. The standard antibiotic used showed the highest diameter of inhibition constituent against the four test seed sample.





TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE      ........................................................................................................................I

CERTIFICATION    ..................................................................................................................II

DEDICATION       ....................................................................................................................III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................IV

TABLE OF CONTENT ............................................................................................................V

LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................VII

ABSTRACT ..............................................................................................................................VIII

 

CHAPTER ONE

1.0   INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................1

1.1 BOTANY OF AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA ........................................................................3

1.2 BOTANY OF GARCINIA KOLA .............................................................................................4

1.3 BOTANY OF AMERICANA PERSEA.......................................................................................5

1.4 BOTANY OF CARICA PAPAYA ..............................................................................................6

1.5 OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH .......................................................................................7

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ..........................................................................................................8

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 MATERIAL AND METHOD .................................................................................................10

3.1 COLLECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF SAMPLE ......................................................10

3.1.1. SAMPLE PREPARATION .................................................................................................10

3.1.2. PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING ...................................................................................10

3.2.0. QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL ....................................................10

3.2.1 TEST FOR TANNIN ...........................................................................................................10

3.2.2. TEST FOR SAPONIN ........................................................................................................11

3.2.3. TEST FOR FLAVOINOID..................................................................................................11

3.2.4. TEST FOR ALKALOID .....................................................................................................11

3.2.5. TEST FOR PHENOL ..........................................................................................................12

3.3.0. QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF PHYTOCHEMICALS ..................................12
3.3.1. DETERMINATION OF ALKALOIDS ..............................................................................12

3.3.2. DETERMINATION OF FLAVONOID .............................................................................13

3.3.3. DETERMINATION OF PHYTATE ...................................................................................13

3.3.4. DETERMINATION OF TANNIN .....................................................................................14

3.3.5. DETERMINATION OF SAPONIN ...................................................................................15

3.3.6. DETERMINATION OF PHENOL .....................................................................................16

3.3.7. DETERMINATION OF CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDE ...................................................17

3.3.8. DETERMINATION OF OXALATE ..................................................................................17

3.3.8.1. DIGESTION......................................................................................................................18

3.3.8.2. OXALATE PRECIPITATION ........................................................................................18

3.3.8.3. PERMANGANATE TITRATION ...................................................................................18

3.3.9. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY .........................................................................................19

3.4.0. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................19

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. RESULT .................................................................................................................................20

4.1. PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOSITION .................................................................................20

4.2. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY ............................................................................................21

4.3. ZONE OF INHIBITION ........................................................................................................23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0. DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................25

5.1. CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................27

5.2. RECOMMENDATION ..........................................................................................................27

        REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................28

        APPENDIX ...........................................................................................................................33


 

 





LIST OF TABLES

 

TABLE 1:                   The qualitative analysis of the phytochemical presence in the seeds of Carica Papaya, Garcinia Kola, Aframomum melegueta, and Americana Persea

 

TABLE 2:                   The percentage of alkaloid, tannin, saponin, flavonoid, phenol, oxalate, cyanogenic glycoside in the seeds of Carica Papaya, Garcinia Kola, Aframomum melegueta, and Persea americana

 

TABLE 3:                   Antimicrobial activity of the seeds of Carica Papaya, Garcinia Kola, Aframomum melegueta, and Persea americana

 

TABLE 4:                   Zone of inhibition of Salmonella typhi using the four seed extract

 

TABLE 5:                   Zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus using the four test seeds samples

 

TABLE 6:                   Zone of inhibition of Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the four test seed samples

 

TABLE 7:                   Zone of inhibition of Bacillus substilis using the four test seed samples

 


 






 

CHAPTER ONE


1.0                 INTRODUCTION

The use of plants and plant products for treatment, control and management of diseases is as old as mankind. Plants are able to synthesize and accumulate active substances as naturally occurring chemical compounds and some of them are able to provide health benefits to human.

The aims of using plants as source of therapeutic agents are to isolate its bioactive compounds which are directly used as drug e.g. atropine, digoxin, digitoxin, morphine and taxol and also in the production of pharmacological tools e.g. lysergic and diethylamide. Also the use of some plant parts or whole plant parts as herbal remedy was reported by Fabricants and Farnsworth, (2001)

In recent years, drug resistance to human pathogenic bacteria has been commonly reported from all over the world (Piddock et al., 1989; Singh et al., 1984; Mulligen et al., 1993, Davis, 1994; Robin et al., 1998).

However, the situation is commonly alarming in developing as well as developed countries due to indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative antimicrobial strategies are urgently needed, and thus this situation has led to a re-evaluation of the therapeutic use of remedies from plant. (Levy and Marshall, 2004; Basualdo et al., 2007).

According to World Health Organization (2001), medicinal plants would be best source to obtain variety of drugs. Medicinal plants are the richest bio-source of drugs, modern medicine, food supplements, folk’s medicine, pharmaceutical intermediates and chemical entities (Ncube et al., 2008).

The medicinal value of these plants lie on some chemical active substances found in the plants known as their phytochemical content that produce definite physiological action on the human body. The most important phytochemical content of the plants are alkaloid, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenolic compounds and cyanogenic glycoside (Edeoga et al., 2005).

Natural products of some typical plants may possess a new source of antimicrobial agents with possible novel mechanism of action (Ahmed and Aquil, 2007).  They are effective in treatment of infectious diseases, while simultaneously mitigating many of the side effects that are often associated with the synthetic antimicrobials (Iwu et al, 1999). Many studies have been undertaken with the aim of determining the different antimicrobial and phytochemical constituents of medicinal plants and using them for the treatment of both tropical and systematic microbial infection and also as possible alternative to synthetic drugs to which many infectious microorganisms have become resistant to (Akinpelu et al, 2006; Chopra, 1992).

Alkaloids has been reported as vital constituents in drug production and are used in the production of steroidal drugs (Maxwell et al, 1995). Saponins are used as an emulsifying agent in medicine, Tannin have been found to possess oxidative inhibitory property (Ihekoronye et al, 1985). Also proximate content of some Nigeria plants have been studied to be good source of carbohydrate, protein, ash, food energy, crude fibre, mineral and vitamins (Aletor and Adeogun, 1995).

These compounds that are antimicrobial agents can also be used to inhibit the growth of microorganism depending on their phytochemical properties such microorganisms include Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Bacillus subtilis. Staphylococcus aureus is a gram positive bacteria which can be inhibited by antibacterial agent from plant extract Against these background, these project was designed to study the antimicrobial activity of the seeds of four plants against some bacterial pathogens with a view to ascertain their relative potencies. The extract for the inhibition of the microorganism were gotten from the seeds of Carica papaya L, Garcinia kola Heckel, Aframomum melegueta K. Schum and Persea americana Mill

 

 

1.1.2.   BOTANY OF AFRAMOMUM MELEGUETA K.Schum (Grain of Paradise)

Aframomum melegueta is a species in the ginger family, Zingiberaceae. These species commonly known as Ossame, Grains of paradise, Melegueta pepper, Alligator pepper, Black pepper, Guinea grain, Guinea pepper is obtained from the ground seed.

It impart a pungent, peppery flavour with hint of citrus. Although it is native to West Africa, it is also an important cash crop in the Basketo district (Basket special woreda) of Southern Ethopia (SNNPR, 2005).

A. melegueta is a herbaceous perennial plant native to swampy habitat along the West African coast. Its trumpet-shaped purple flower develop into 5 – 7cm long pods containing numerous small, reddish – brown seeds. The pungent peppery taste of the seed is caused by aromatic ketones e.g. 6-paradol (systematic name: 1-4-hydroxyl – 3 – methoxylphenyl-decan-3-one).

Essential oils, which are the dominating flavour component in the closely related cardamom occur only in traces(Paul 1995).The stem at time can be short and usually show signs of scars and fallen leaves. The average leaves are usually 35cm in length and 15cm wide, with a well-structured vascular system. The flower of the herbaceous plant are described as “handsome”, aromatic with an orange – coloured lip and rich pinkish orange upper part. The fruit contain numerous small, golden brown seeds.

Aframomum melegueta is used in the cuisines of West and North Africa, where it has been traditionally imported by Caravan route through Sahara desert and whence they are distributed to the rest of Italy.

They were rename “grain of paradise” a substitute for the formerly called black pepper in Europe in the 14th and 15th centuries (Daniel and Austin, 2004).

It is used to improve the “stale smell” of wine, it is also used in cardiovascular treatment of lowland gorillas in the zoo. (Dybas et al., 2007). It is used in religious (voodoo) rite in Caribbean and Latin America. (Moret, 2013). It is used as addictive to impact heat and pungent aroma to food.

Sofowara (1993), reported the use of Aframomum melegueta in traditional medicinal formula for the treatment of stomach ache, tuberculosis, diarrhoea and remedy for snake and scorpion bite and stings.


1.1.3.   BOTANY OF GARCINIA KOLA

Garcinia kola (Bitter kola, a name sometimes also used for G. afzelii) is a species of flowering plant in the Clusiaceae family. It is found in Benin, Cameroun, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra leone.

Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests. Garcinia kola or bitter kola is a tree that grows in rain forest of West Africa. The fruit, seeds, nuts and bark of the tree of the plant have been used for centuries in folk medicine to treat ailments from cough to fever.

According to a report from the centre of International Forestry Research, Garcinia kola trade is still important to the tribes and villages in Nigeria.

As with any herb, never consume Garcinia kola in large quantity without first discussing it’s use and benefit with your physician especially if you are currently being treated for other medical condition.

Traditionally, Garcinia kola is used by African herbal practitioners who believe that it has purgative, antiparasitic and antimicrobial properties. The seeds are used for bronchitis, throat infection, colic, head and chest colds and cough. It is also used for liver disorder and as chewing stick


1.1.4.   BOTANY OF PERSEAAMERICANA

Avocado pear is a tree that is native to South Central Mexico classified as a member of the flowering plant family Lauraceae (Morton, 1987). Avocado pear (also alligator pear) is botanically a large berry containing a single seed (Storey, 1973). They have a green-skinned, fleshly body that may be pear shaped, egg shaped, or spherical and fleshy body that may ripen after harvesting. Avocado tree are partially self-pollinated and often are propagated by grafting to maintain a predictable quality and quantity of the fruit.

Persea American is believed to originate in the state of Puebla, Mexico (Galindo – Jovar et al., 2007). Through Fossil evidence suggest similar species were much more widespread millions of years ago occurring as far Northern California This took place when the climate of that region was more hospitable to them (Morton, 1987).

The tree grows to 20m (66ft) with alternately arranged leaves of 12 – 25cm (4.7 – 9.8in) long. The flower are inconspicuous greenish yellow, 5 – 10mm 90.2 – 0.4in) wide. The pear – shaped fruit is 7 – 20cm (2.8 – 7.9in) long, weighing between 100 and 1,000g 93.5 and 35.5), and has a large central seed, 5 – 6.4cm (2.0 – 2.5in) long.

It can also be propagated by seed, taking roughly four to six years to bear fruit. Although in some case seedling can take 10 years to bear fruit. (Boning, 2006; Morton, 1987).

Avocado tree is vulnerable to bacterial, viral, fungal and malnutrition disease especially when there is excess and deficiency of key nutrient materials.

Disease can affect all parts of the plant causing spotting, rotting, cankers, pitting and discoloration (Ohr et al., 2003).


1.1.5.   BOTANY OF CARICA PAPAYA

Paw-paw is the fruit of the plant Carica papaya, and is one of the 22 accepted species in the genus Carica of the plant family Caricaceae.

It is native to the tropic of the Americans, perhaps from the southern Mexico and neighbouring Central America. (Morton, 1987). It was first cultivated in Mexico several centuries before the emergence of the Mesoamerican classical civilization. The papaya is the large, tree-like plant, with a single stem growing from 5 – 10cm (16 – 33ft) tall with a spirally arranged leaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruits were borne. The leaves are large, 50 – 70cm (20 – 28in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed with seven lobes usually for such large plant. The tree is dioecious, usually unbranched, unless loped. The flowers are large with fruits 15 – 45cm (5.39 – 17.7in) long and 10 – 30cm (3.9 – 11.8in) in diameter. The fruit is a type of berry (Rivra-Pistrana et al, 2010). It is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber to orange colour.

Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have it genome sequenced. Papaya plant grows in three sexes namely male, female, and hermaphrodite. The male produces only pollen never fruits. The female will produce small, inedible fruit unless pollinated. The hermaphrodite can self-pollinate since its flower contain both male and female ovaries.

Almost all commercial Papaya orchard contain only hermaphrodite Papaya prefer sandy, well-drained soil as standing water will kill the plant within 24 hours

Papaya is affected by disease (bacteria, fungi and viral disease) which Papaya ring spot virus is one of the well-known viruses (Morton, 1987).  The first sign of the virus are yellowing and vein clearing of younger leaves, as well as mottling yellow leaves. Infected leaves may have blade sticking upward from the middle of the leaves.

As of 2010, the only way to protect Papaya from these virus is by genetic modification (Gonsalves et al., 2010).

Papaya mosaic virus destroys the plant until only a small part of leaves are left. The ripen fruit of the Papaya is usually eaten raw, without skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit can be eaten cooked, usually in curries, salad and stews. Green Papaya is used in Southern Asian cooking (Natty, 2013). Papaya flower are used in vegetable dish preparation, the black seeds of the Papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste (Morton, 1987). They are sometimes grounded and used as a substitute for black pepper or alligator pepper. Papaya skin, pulp and seed contain a variety of phytochemicals including carotenoids and polyphenol (Rivera-pastrana et al., 2010).  Papaya also contain cyanogenic substance, “Prunasin” In some part of the world, Papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria, but the mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these result has been scientifically proven.  (Titanji et al., 2008).


1.1.6.   OBJECTIVES OF THE RESEARCH

The general objectives of the work is to determine the antimicrobial effects of the seeds of the test plants, Carica papaya L,Garcinia kola HECKEL, Aframomum meleguata K. Schum Persea  americana Mill extract on specific bacteria pathogen including staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus Subtilis, Psuedomonas aeroginosa and Salmonella typhi.

The specific objectives include the following:

1.     To determine the phytochemical constituents of the test plant seeds.

2.     To determine the activity of the extract against bacteria.

3.     To assess the potency of the extract relative to standard antibiotic


 

Click “DOWNLOAD NOW” below to get the complete Projects

FOR QUICK HELP CHAT WITH US NOW!

+(234) 0814 780 1594

Buyers has the right to create dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when you experience issue with the file received. 

Dispute can only be created when you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of contents and content of the file you received. 

ProjectShelve.com shall either provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and Conditions are applied.

Buyers are expected to confirm that the material you are paying for is available on our website ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.

In case of payment for a material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that is available on our website within 48 hours.

You cannot change topic after receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.

Ratings & Reviews

0.0

No Review Found.

Review


To Comment


Sold By

ProjectShelve

7891

Total Item

Reviews (29)

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    This is truly legit, thanks so much for not disappointing

  • Anonymous

    1 week ago

    I was so happy to helping me through my project topic thank you so much

  • Anonymous

    2 weeks ago

    Just got my material... thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    Thank you for your reliability and swift service Order and delivery was within the blink of an eye.

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    It's actually good and it doesn't delay in sending. Thanks

  • Anonymous

    3 weeks ago

    I got the material without delay. The content too is okay

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thank you guys for the document, this will really go a long way for me. Kudos to project shelve👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    You guys have a great works here I m really glad to be one of your beneficiary hope for the best from you guys am pleased with the works and content writings it really good

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Excellent user experience and project was delivered very quickly

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    The material is very good and worth the price being sold I really liked it 👍

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow response was fast .. 👍 Thankyou

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Trusted, faster and easy research platform.

  • TJ

    1 month ago

    great

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    My experience with projectselves. Com was a great one, i appreciate your prompt response and feedback. More grace

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Sure plug ♥️♥️

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Thanks I have received the documents Exactly what I ordered Fast and reliable

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Wow this is amazing website with fast response and best projects topic I haven't seen before

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    Genuine site. I got all materials for my project swiftly immediately after my payment.

  • Anonymous

    1 month ago

    It agree, a useful piece

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good work and satisfactory

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Good job

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Fast response and reliable

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Projects would've alot easier if everyone have an idea of excellence work going on here.

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Very good 👍👍

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Honestly, the material is top notch and precise. I love the work and I'll recommend project shelve anyday anytime

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Well and quickly delivered

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    I am thoroughly impressed with Projectshelve.com! The project material was of outstanding quality, well-researched, and highly detailed. What amazed me most was their instant delivery to both my email and WhatsApp, ensuring I got what I needed immediately. Highly reliable and professional—I'll definitely recommend them to anyone seeking quality project materials!

  • Anonymous

    2 months ago

    Its amazing transacting with Projectshelve. They are sincere, got material delivered within few minutes in my email and whatsApp.

  • TJ

    4 months ago

    ProjectShelve is highly reliable. Got the project delivered instantly after payment. Quality of the work.also excellent. Thank you