COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF GARCINIA KOLA (BITTER KOLA), ERYTHROMYCIN AND PENICILLIN

ABSTRACT

   Extracts of   seed of Garcinia kola were used to determine the antibacterial properties of the extract. Methanol and ethanol were used for the extraction. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC; mg/ml) and Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC; mg/ml) of the extract as well as zones of inhibition of the extract were determined. Seed extract of Garcinia kola was more effective in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus at 25mg/ml concentration. The variation in the antibacterial activities is presumed to be due to different active compounds present in the extract. The aim of this research is to determine the antibacterial activity of Garcinia kola extracts on some test organisms. The findings of this research concluded that the antibacterial effect and inhibitory concentration of Garcina kola was more effective in modern day use of traditional medicine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                                    i

Declaration                                                                                                                 ii

Certification                                                                                                                iii

Dedication                                                                                                                  iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                      v

Table of Contents                                                                                                       vi

List of Tables                                                                                                              viii

Abstract                                                                                                                      ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0           Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.1       Aims and objectives                                                                                       4

CHAPTER TWO

2.0         Literature review                                                                                                                  5

2.1         Garcinia kola (bitter kola)                                                                                                  5

2.2       Scientific classification                                                                                  16

2.3       Common names                                                                                              16

2.4       Traditional uses and medicinal values                                                           17

2.5       Scientific research on Garcinia kola                                                              18

2.5.1    Chemical constituents                                                                                    18

2.5.2    Anti-microbial properties                                                                               18

2.5.3    Anti-diabetic properties                                                                                  19

2.5.4    Hepatoprotective and anti-oxidant activities                                                  19

2.5.5    Effects on fertility                                                                                          19

2.5.6    Other studies on Garcinia kola                                                                      20

CHAPTER THREE

3.0       Materials and methods                                                                                    22

3.1       Preparation of plant extract                                                                            22

3.2         Orthodox antibiotics                                                                                                           22

3.3       Test microorganisms                                                                                       22

3.4       Antimicrobial susceptibility testing                                                                23

3.5       Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC₉₀)                         23

3.6       Determination of maximum bactericidal concentration (MBC)                         24

CHAPTER FOUR      

4.0      Results                                                                                                             25

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0       Discussion and conclusion                                                                             29

5.1       Discussion                                                                                           29

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      30

References                                                                                                      31

  LIST OF TABLES

Table         Title                                                                Page

4.1:                  The Phytochemical compositions of Garcinia kola extract                        26

4.2:                  The Minimal Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC), and                         27

Minimal Bactericidal Concentrations (MBC) of Garcinia kola Extracts (mg/ml)

4.3:                  Diameter of Zones of Inhibitions (mm) of Garcinia kola                        28

CHAPTER ONE

            1.0         INTRODUCTION

Antimicrobial agents are chemotherapeutic agents employed to kill micro-organisms or prevent their growth for the treatment of diseases. These are classified according to their application and spectrum of activity, as germicides that kill micro-organisms, whereas micro-biostatic agents inhibit the growth of pathogens and enable the leucocytes and other defense mechanism of the host to cope up with static invaders. The germicides may exhibit selective toxicity depending on their spectrum of activity. They may act as viricides (killing viruses), bacteriocides (killing bacteria), algicides (killing algae) or fungicides (killing fungi). They are produced by micro-organisms or they might be fully or partly prepared by chemical synthesis. They inhibit the growth of micro-organisms in minimal concentrations. Antibiotics may be of microbial origin or purely synthetic or semi synthetic. The beginning of modern chemotherapy has largely been due to the efforts of Dr. Paul Ehrlich (1910), who used salvarsan, as arsenic derivative effective against syphilis. Paul Ehrlich used the term chemotherapy for curing the infectious disease without injury to the host’s tissue, known as chemotherapeutic agents such as antibacterial, antiprotosoal, antiviral, antineoplastic, antitubercular and antifungal agents. Later on, Domagk (1953) prepared an important chemotherapeutic agent sulfanilamide. Antibiotics are used as inhibitory chemicals and they were believed to lead in the complete eradication of infectious diseases (Rosina et al., 2009). Despite the progress made in introducing new antibiotics, emergence of drug resistant strains cause failure of infectious disease treatment (Matthias et al., 2000; Gibbons, 2005). It is believed that consumption of antibiotics in livestock, agriculture and poultry is one of the factors that have caused an increase in the development of drug resistance. New effective strategy is therefore necessary for the management of resistance bacteria: one of which includes medicinal plants (CourvalinandTreu-Cuot, 2006) which stands partly as the objective of this comparative study, evaluating the potency of Garcinia kola (Bitter kola).

Although there is a wide range of antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections, the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic agents such as erythromycin and penicillin is increasingly becoming a pressing problem (Abimbola et al., 2003). Other limitations of modern chemotherapeutic drugs are their high costs and non-availability, especially in rural areas. As a consequence, it is necessary to search new organic molecules with antibacterial activity; which, in addition, could be potential sources for starting materials for the semi-synthesis of new drugs.

It is estimated that more than two thirds of the world’s plant species have medicinal value; and about 80% of people rely on herbs for their medicines. Medicinal plants are believed to be an important source of new chemical substances with potential therapeutic benefits. They contain many biologically active compounds with medicinal properties and largely employed in developing countries (Rabe et al., 2007). Compounds isolated from natural origin such as medicinal plants are believed to have less side effects, tolerated by patients and can be afforded by most people since they are sold at a cheaper, reasonable price (Bakkali et al., 2008).

African plants, in particular, medicinal plants, constitute a rich but still largely untapped pool of natural products (Hostettmann, et al., 2006). WHO estimates indicate that 80% of the population (mostly in developing countries) still relies on plant-based medicines for primary health care (Fox, 2004).Bitter kola have been used in Cameroon for such clinical conditions as bronchitis, partial impotence, cough, laryngitis, etc. by the local population, but without supporting scientific evidence (Surh et al., 1998). Several findings on chemotherapeutic potentials of plants have shown that they can be sources of antimicrobial compounds of value and a typical example of such plant is Garcinia kola (Njume et al., 2011).

G. kola plant has been investigated largely due to its diverse bioactivities. Garcinia kola is a species of flowering plant belonging to the family Guttiferae. It is found mostly in Central and Western Africa; in countries such as Cameroon, Benin, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ivory Coast, Gabon, Ghana, Liberia, Nigeria, Senegal and Sierra Leone. This plant has a popular acronym “wonder’’ plant among the South-Western Nigerian people because every part of it has been found to be of medical importance. It consists of fruits, leaves, roots, barks, stems and twigs and an average of four seeds is contained in a fruit. All parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine for various therapeutic purposes. The fruits are reddish or yellowish in colour and each fruit contain two to four seeds and pulp that have a sour taste (Nzegbule and Mbakwe, 2001). The seeds are smooth, oval shaped with yellow pulp and covered with a brown seed coat. They have been reported to possess antibacterial activity, antidiabetic, antiviral and antihepatotoxicity potentials (Akoachere et al., 2002). They are used to prevent or relieve colic pains, cure head and chest colds. Essential oils produced by plants are not only used in agriculture or in food industries as food preservatives or additives, but also used pharmaceutically for their therapeutic activities in the treatment of various diseases (Vila et al., 2010; Sibandaand Okoh, 2008).

Presently there are global problems of antibiotic resistance to infections coupled with the emergence of new and re-emerging diseases. There is also a belief that the use of plants for medicinal purposes has been associated with less side effects (Rabe et al., 2007; Sibanda et al., 2010). There is therefore a need to search for more efficacious and cost-effective antimicrobial agents of natural origin to complement the existing synthetic antimicrobial drugs that are becoming less potent against pathogenic microorganisms (Ncube et al., 2008). And this quest for a more effective antibacterial agent, even that with little or no side effect is the paramount reason for this research work.

1.1       AIMS AND OBJECTIVES

The specific objectives of this study were to:

1.              Screen the plant extracts (ethanol), penicillin and erythromycin for antimicrobial activity.

2.              Determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extract of Garcinia kola

3.              Determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of the extract of Garcinia kola

4.              Determine the MIC and MBC of Penicillin and Erythromycin

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