ABSTRACT
Medicinal plants are major source of phyto chemical compounds of beneficial values and are gaining countless significance in the essential wellbeing of individuals and social clubs in many nations. The aim of the study was to access the antimicrobial activities 0f the ethanol and aqueous extracts of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) and soursop (Annona muricata) on Staphylococus aureaus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhii and Aspergillus spp using agar well diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The ethanolic extract was found to show more activity than the aqueous extracts on the isolates. The MIC of both the ethanolic extract and aqueous extract was higher on Pseudomonas aeruginosa and lower on Staphylococcus aureus. The preliminary phyto chemical screening of the plant extracts showed that Tannins was more present in Garcinia kola while Saponins was more abundant in Annona muricata. The results obtained showed that Garcinia kola and Annona muricata have great potentials for the production of commercial drugs for the management of human pathogens.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Table of content iv
List
of tables vii
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aim 2
1.2 Objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW 4
2.1 Bitter
Kola (Garcinia kola) 5
2.1.1
Scientific Classification 5
2.2 Properties of Bitter
kola (Garcinia kola) 7
2.2.1 Phytochemical
Constituent of Bitter Kola (Garcinia kola) 7
2.2.2 Analgesic effect
of G. kola stem bark 7
2.2.3 Anti-microbial
properties 8
2.2.4 Anti-diabetic
properties 8
2.2.5 Hepatoprotective
and anti-oxidant activities 8
2.2.6
Annona muricata (Soursop) 9
2.3 Annona muricata L. species 10
2.4 Chemical Constituents of Annona SP. 11
2.4.1 Nutritional value and
chemicals constituents of Annona species 11
2.4.2 Phytochemical composition of Annona sp. 11
2.5 Biological Activities of Annona sp. 13
2.5.1 Antimicrobial activity of Annona sp. 13
2.5 Screening for Major
Phytochemical Constituents 13
2.5.1
Alkaloid 15
2.5.2
Flavonoid 15
2.5.3. Glycoside 16
2.5.4 Tannin 16
2.5.5
Terpenoids 16
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 18
3.1 Collection and Identification Of
Plant Material 18
3.2
Collection of Test Organisms 18
3.3 Media Used and Its
Preparation 18
3.4 Sterilization 18
3.5
Ethanol And Aqueous Extraction Preparation 19
3.5.1 Preparation of the extracts for Synergy Test 19
3.6 Confirmation of Test Isolates 19
3.6.1 Gram staining 19
3.7 Biochemical Cultural
Characteristics 20
3.7.1 Catalase test 20
3.7.2 Coagulase test 20
3.7.3 Citrate test 20
3.7.4 Motility test 21
3.7.5 Indole test 21
3.7.6 Triple Sugar Iron test 21
3.8 Antibacterial Assay 22
3.9 Identification of Fungi 22
3.10 Antifungal Assay 23
3.11 Phytochemical Analysis 23
3.11.1 Test for Alkaloid 23
3.11.2 Test for Tannin 23
3.12. 3 Determination of Saponins 23
3.12.4 Determination of Total
Phenols 24
3.13 Determination of Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) 25
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 26
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 48
5.1
Discussion 48
5.2
Conclusion 51
5.3
Recommendation 52
Reference
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1: Morphology
and Biochemical identification of isolate 26
2: Morphological
Characteristics of fungal isolates 27
3. Antibacterial activity of aqueous
extract of Garcinia kola against the
test 29
organisms.
4. Antibacterial
activity of ethanolic extract of Garcinia
kola against the test 31
organisms
5: Aqueous
extract of Annona muricata against
the test organisms 33
6. Ethanolic
extract of Annona muricata against
the test organisms 35
7: Combined
effect of aqueous extracts of G.kola and
A. muricata against 37
the test
organisms.
8: Synergetic effect of ethanolic extracts of G.kola and A. muricata against the 39
test organisms
9: Minimum
Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) mg/ml of the plant extracts 41
10:
Ethanol and Aqueous extract of Garcinia
kola against fungal isolate 43
11. Ethanol
and Aqueous extract of and Annona
muricata against fungal isolate 45
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
For a long period in
history, plants have been valuable and indispensable sources of natural products
for the health of human beings and they have a great potential for producing
new drugs (Nascimento et al., 2010).
Bacteria have the genetic ability to transmit and acquire resistance to drugs,
which are utilized as therapeutic agents (Abeysinghe, 2010). Finding new
naturally active components from plants or plant-based agricultural products
has been of interest to many researchers. Hence, a great deal of attraction has
been paid to the antibacterial activity of citrus as a potential and promising
source of pharmaceutical agents (Jo et al., 2004; Ortuño et al., 2016). According to World Health
Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to obtain a variety of
drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed countries use traditional
medicine, which has compounds derived from medicinal plants. Therefore, such
plants should be investigated to better understand their properties, safety and
efficiency (Nascimento et al.,
2010). Medicinal plants have been used for centuries as remedies for
human diseases because they contain chemical components of therapeutic value
(Nostro et al., 2012) of the 252
drugs considered essential by the World Health Organization, 11% were derived
from flowering plants (Rates, 2001). More than 80% of the world's population
relies on traditional medicine for their primary healthcare needs
(Alagesaboopathi, 2011). Nigeria is covered with a large number of plant
species, some of which have been used for centuries in folkloric medicines to
diagnose, prevent and treat various ailments (El-Mahmood et al., 2013). Among the diseases that have been managed
successfully by traditional (herbal) medicine include malaria, epilepsy,
infertility, convulsion, diarrhoea, dysentery, gonorrhoea, flatulence,
tonsillitis, bacterial and fungal infections, mental illness and worm
infections (Sofowora, 2014).
Plants
generally produce many secondary metabolites which constitute an important
source of microbicides, pesticides and many pharmaceutical drugs. Ogundipe et al. (2012) asserted that plant
products still remain the principal source of pharmaceutical drugs and agents
used in traditional medicine. Studies have been conducted on the antimicrobial
potentials of crude extract of leaves, bark, bulbs, stems and roots of various
plants (Atata and Sani, 2014; Olafimihan, 2014). A number of phytotherapy
manuals have stated various medicinal plants for treating infectious diseases
owing to their availability and low mammalian toxicity (Lee et al., 2015). The effects of plant
extracts on bacteria have been studied widely from different parts of the world
(Ateb and Erdourul, 2013). New antioxidants such as plant phenolic compounds
are sought for general health maintenance (Wah Chan et al., 2014).
The
phenolic compounds cover a very large and diverse group of chemical compounds,
including flavonoids, lignins, tannins, phenolic acids, coumarins, phenols,
phenylpropanoids, quinines, stilbenoids and xanthones. (Vermerris and
Nicholson, 2013). Flavonoids are a large group of polyphenolic compounds,
subdivided into anthocyanins, flavanols including proanthocyanidins, flavonols,
dihydroflavonols, flavones, isoflavonoids, flavonones, chalcones and
dihydrochalcones (Li and Beta, 2013). Flavonoid-based herbal medicines are
available in different countries as antiinflammatory, antispasmodic,
antiallergic, antibacterial and antifungal remedies (Rice-Euans and Parker,
2012).
1.1 AIM
The aim of this study is to assess
the antimicrobial activities of bitter kola (Garcinia kola) and soursop (Annona
muricata) extracts on some selected microorganisms (S. aureus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica typhi).
1.2
OBJECTIVES
1.
To determine the antimicrobial
activities of (Garcinia kola) bitter
kola and (Annona muricata) soursop
extracts on some selected microorganisms.
2.
To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration,
minimum bactericidal concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration of (Garcinia kola) bitter kola and (Annona muricata) soursop extracts on
some selected microorganisms (S. aureus,
E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica typhi).
3.
To determine the combine effect of (Garcinia kola) bitter kola and (Annona muricata) soursop extracts on
some selected microorganisms (S. aureus,
E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. enterica typhi.
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