ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSES OF COLA ACUMINATA,COLA VERA, AND GARCINIA COLA AND THEIR EFFECTS ON SOME HUMAN PATHOGENS

 ABSTRACT

The phylochemicals and antimicrobiai analysis of Cola acuminata. Cola vera and Gqrcinia cola   were carried out on Staphylococcus  aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella  typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicam using ethanoic and aqueous extracts. In E. coli, oji igbo (2I.O±2.00a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. For Salmonella typhi, bitter cola (20.3±2.08a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bitter cola (19.0+ 1.73a) had the best antimicrobial activity. For Staphylococcus aureus, Oji Igbo (14.3±0.56a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Candida albicam, bitter cola (23.0±1.003) had best antimicrobial activity. After phytochemical analysis, in alkaloids, bitter cola (2.72±0.08a) was the highest. In flavonoids, bitter cola (0.37±0.02a) was the highest. In saponins, bitter cola (0.68±0.03a) was also the highest. Oji igbo (1.41±0.005a) had the highest concentration of phenol. In tannins, oji igbo (0.94±0.002a) had the highest concentration. In phytates, oji hausa (0.18±0,04a)was the highest. Oji hausa (0.15±0.006C) had the lowest concentration in oxalates.  Oji hausa (3.86±0.09C) was the lowest in HCN. It has been considered that phytochemicals have crucial nutritional component with the ability to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and aging. The valuable properties of bitter cola, particularly in oji hausa and oji igbo in general may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids. The presence of excess tannin in oji igbo and oji hausa, especially in bitter cola could be partly responsible for the hot taste of these seeds. Alkaloids are used as CNS stimulants, tropical anaesthetics, in opthamology. The result of the MIC, showed that Garcinia cola extracts (bitter cola), for both water and ethanol extraction is more potent against the test organisms. The high variety of activities displayed by samples in this study appears to justify and explain the scientific bases for their uses in traditional medicine.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE                                                                                                               I

CERTIFICATION                                                                                                      II

DEDICATION                                                                                                          III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                                                     IV 

TABLE OF CONTENTS                                                                                           V

LIST OF TABLES                                                                                                    VI

LIST OFFIGURES                                                                                                   VII

LIST OF TABLE                                                                                                     VIII         

ABSTRACT                                                                                                               IX

CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

1.0       Introduction                                                                                                    1

1.1       Aims and Objectives of Study                                                                        4

CHAPTER TWO:

2.0       LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1       Phytochemical Occurences                                                                             6

2.2       Antimicrobial potentials in medicinal plants                                                 6

2.3       Bitter Cola                                                                                                      9

2.4       Cola Nut                                                                                                       13

2.5       Cola acuminate (Oji Igbo) and Kola Vera (Oji Hausa)                               15

2.6       Cola Nut Composition                                                                                 20

2.7       Medicinal & Antimicrobial Effects                                                             17

CHAPTER THREE:

3.0       MATERIALS AND METHODS                                                                 19

3.1       Materials                                                                                                         19

3.2       Methods                                                                                                          19

3.3       Antimicrobial Assay                                                                                       24

3.4       Preparation of Extract                                                                                    25

3.5       Statistical Analysis                                                                                         26

CHAPTER FOUR:

4.0       RESULT                                                                                                        28

CHAPTER FIVE:

5.0       DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS     32

5.1       Discussions                                                                                                     32

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                      38

5.3       Recommendation                                                                                            38

REFERENCES

APPENDIX

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES       TITLE                                                                                  PAGE

1                                                  Test for Phytochemicals                                    29

2            Antibacterial  Activity of Cola acuminata, Cola vera and Garcinia Cola

             With their corresponding zone of inhibition.                                             30                

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURES     TITLE                                                                   PAGE

1          Zones of Inhibition of the test Pathogens with Different Treatments

           (Oji Hausa, Oji Igbo and Bitter Cola)                                                                                                   31

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

The role of medicinal plants as primary tool in preservation of health and management of diseases has been realized with great concern. This result mainly from the use of synthetic drug molecules that produce harmful side effects, which are comparatively minimal in drugs of plant origin (Ajoy et al., 2001). .

Medicinal plants are useful for healing as well as for curing of human diseases because of the presence of phytochemical constituents (Prabha et al., 2011).

Phytochemicals are naturally occurring in the medicinal plants, leaves, vegetables and roots that have defense mechanism and protect from various diseases. Phytochemicals are primary and secondary compounds. Chlorophyll, proteins and common sugars are included in primary constituents and secondary compounds have terpenoid, alkaloids and phenolic compounds (Krishnaiah,  (2007)  . Terpenoids exhibit various important pharmacological activities i.e., anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-malarial, inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities (Mahato, (1997). Terpenoids are very important in attracting useful mites and consume the herbivorous insects ( Dicke, et al.,2005). Alkaloids are used as anaesthetic agents and are found in medicinal plants (Hérouart., 1998)

Some Plants have ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of which are phenols or their oxygenated derivatives (Hasham, 1996). These substances serve as plant defensive mechanism against attack by micro organism, insects, and herbivores. The bactericidal effects of plant extracts have been reported and several attempts made to destroy bacteria and their spores by the application of these extracts (Jussi-Pekka et al., 2010). They exhibit great bactericidal effects and inhibit the action of several microorganisms In addition, plants extracts promote good human health and several plant extracts are effective against various human pathogens including Candidaalbicans and Staphylococcus aureus (Okwu, 2005)

Biological activity reported for the plant includes the use of the methanolic extract of the dried leaf as a molluscicide and the antibacterial activity of the tannins fraction of the dried stem bark of G. kola against E. coli, Shigella flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus (Iwu, 1993).

Cola vera (Kola nut) “Goro” in Hausa; “Obi gbanja” in Yoruba; “Oji” in Ibo (Keay et al., 1994) is a member of the family Steculicca. It is a tree plant found in Sierra Leone. North Ashanti, tropical Western Africa, West Indies, Brazil and Java, which grows about 40 feet high (Grieve, 2001). The tree has unbranched bole for several feet; narrow buttress extending up bole for 3 feet in old trees and also has grey bark with longitudinal fissures.

The phytochemical composition of the kola nut seed is of obvious interest, since it is reported to cure so many ailments. The key components are caffeine, theobromine, tannins, phenolics, phlobaphene, anthocyanin, pigment kola red, betaine, protein and starch (Karcher, 1997). The medicinal uses of kola nut are recognized officially indicated as toxic, stimulant, laxative, sedative and diuretic (Cheesbrough, 2002)

The kola nut has a bitter flavour and caffeine content, and is chewed in many African cultures, individually or in a group setting. It is often used ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or presented to guests. Kola nuts are often used to treat whopping cough and asthma. The caffeine present acts as a bronchodilator, expanding the bronchiole air passages.

Kola nuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoria qualities. They have effects similar to other xanthenes containing herbs like cocoa, tea coffee, quarana and Yerba mate. However, the effects an distinctively different, producing a stronger state of euphoria and well-being. They have stimulant effects on the central nervous system and heart. Animal experiments indicate that kola nuts have analeptic and lipolytic (fat - burning) properties, and stimulate the secretion of gastric juices. Human studies show kola nuts have positive chronotropic and weak diuretic effects. In human, it enhances alertness and physical energy, elevates mood, increases tactile sensitivity, suppresses the appetite and is used in Africa as an aphrodisiac. Autonomic changes include. Increased body temperature, increase blood pressure and increased respiratory rate. (Terashima, K. et al., 2002)

Cola nut and bitter kola are traditional plants which are often eaten as snacks especially among the elderly in Nigeria. Kola nut belongs to the plant family Sterculiaceae, having about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa. Of these, two species are particularly very common among the Yorubas of South Western Nigeria; these are Cola vera and Cola acuminata. Cola nut is chewed in many West African cultures, either individually or in group settings and is often used ceremonially (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolanut). Kola nuts contain large amounts of caffeine and threobromine and are therefore used as a stimulant (Jayeola, 2001).

They produce a strong state of euphoria and well-being, enhance alertness and physical energy, elevate mood.

Bitter cola botanically known as “Garcinia cola” is a herbaceous perennial medicinal plant grown in tropical rain forest in Central and West Africa (Uko et al., 2001; Okolle et al., 2009) and more predominantly in rainforest belt of Southern Nigeria (Agada and Braide, 2009). The tree is usually cultivated within villages in Southern Nigeria and grows to a height of about 12-14 m high. It has been referred to as a “wonder plant” because almost every part of it has been found to be of medicinal importance. The seed is also known as false fruit unlike kola nut (Cola vera) which is known as “true kola”. It is commonly called “Akuilu” in Igbo land, “Namijingoro” in Hausa land and “Orogbo” in Yoruba land of Nigeria. It produces characteristic reddish, yellowish or orange coloured fruit with seeds covered with skimp or husk.

The tree is probably the most important source of chewing sticks. Unlike the kola nut, it is monocotyledonous plant. It has nothing to do with the tradition of any ethnic group. It can be eaten at any time and it has no side effect. It is one of those medicines that have no overdose. When bitter kola is taken, one has no chances of contacting or suffers from sour or mouth odour, stomach upset, tooth ache. Bitter cola has a brownish outer cover while the inner part is yellowish in color. It has a juicy substance which is assumed to contain the active ingredients.

The seeds of bitter kola are edible and ar consumed as adjuvant to the true kola (Cola vera) and for medicinal purposes (Braide, 1989). “Garcinia kola” is used in folklore remedies for the treatment of ailments such as liver disorder, diarrhea, laryngitis, bronchitis, gonorrhea (Adesina et al., 1995), stomach ache and gastritis (Okwu, 2005). Its antifungal (Okwu, 2007) and antimicrobial effects (Adegboye et al., 2008) have also been reported. Although bitter kola lacks caffeine, its alkaloid and bi-flavonoid fractions are said to relax the smooth muscles (Braide, 1999).

1.2      AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The studies is aimed at investigating the phytochemical Profile of Oji Ibo Ibo, Oji Hausa and Bitter cola and at the same vein ascertain the antimicrobial effects of these nuts on some human pathogens.

1.       To evaluate qualitatively the bioactive and biochemical components of Oji Ibo, Oji Hausa and Bitter Cola.

2.       To note the probable antimicrobial effects of Oji Ibo, Oji Hausa and Bitter cola nut on some human pathogens.

3.       To make appropriate recommendations for further development and effective application of Oji Igbo, Oji Hausa and Bitter  cola nut.

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