ABSTRACT
The phylochemicals and antimicrobiai analysis of Cola acuminata. Cola vera and Gqrcinia cola were carried out on Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicam using ethanoic and aqueous extracts. In E. coli, oji igbo (2I.O±2.00a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. For Salmonella typhi, bitter cola (20.3±2.08a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Pseudomonas aeruginosa, bitter cola (19.0+ 1.73a) had the best antimicrobial activity. For Staphylococcus aureus, Oji Igbo (14.3±0.56a) had the highest antimicrobial activity. In Candida albicam, bitter cola (23.0±1.003) had best antimicrobial activity. After phytochemical analysis, in alkaloids, bitter cola (2.72±0.08a) was the highest. In flavonoids, bitter cola (0.37±0.02a) was the highest. In saponins, bitter cola (0.68±0.03a) was also the highest. Oji igbo (1.41±0.005a) had the highest concentration of phenol. In tannins, oji igbo (0.94±0.002a) had the highest concentration. In phytates, oji hausa (0.18±0,04a)was the highest. Oji hausa (0.15±0.006C) had the lowest concentration in oxalates. Oji hausa (3.86±0.09C) was the lowest in HCN. It has been considered that phytochemicals have crucial nutritional component with the ability to prevent chronic diseases such as cancer, cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and aging. The valuable properties of bitter cola, particularly in oji hausa and oji igbo in general may be attributed to the presence of bioactive compounds like alkaloids. The presence of excess tannin in oji igbo and oji hausa, especially in bitter cola could be partly responsible for the hot taste of these seeds. Alkaloids are used as CNS stimulants, tropical anaesthetics, in opthamology. The result of the MIC, showed that Garcinia cola extracts (bitter cola), for both water and ethanol extraction is more potent against the test organisms. The high variety of activities displayed by samples in this study appears to justify and explain the scientific bases for their uses in traditional medicine.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE I
CERTIFICATION
II
DEDICATION III
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS IV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
V
LIST OF TABLES VI
LIST OFFIGURES VII
LIST OF TABLE VIII
ABSTRACT IX
CHAPTER ONE: BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.0 Introduction 1
1.1 Aims and Objectives of Study 4
CHAPTER TWO:
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Phytochemical Occurences 6
2.2 Antimicrobial potentials in medicinal
plants 6
2.3 Bitter Cola 9
2.4 Cola Nut 13
2.5 Cola acuminate (Oji Igbo) and Kola Vera
(Oji Hausa) 15
2.6 Cola Nut Composition 20
2.7 Medicinal & Antimicrobial Effects 17
CHAPTER THREE:
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS 19
3.1 Materials 19
3.2 Methods 19
3.3 Antimicrobial Assay 24
3.4 Preparation of Extract 25
3.5 Statistical Analysis 26
CHAPTER FOUR:
4.0 RESULT 28
CHAPTER
FIVE:
5.0 DISCUSSIONS, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 32
5.1 Discussions 32
5.2 Conclusion 38
5.3 Recommendation
38
REFERENCES
APPENDIX
LIST OF
TABLES
TABLES TITLE PAGE
1 Test
for Phytochemicals 29
2 Antibacterial Activity of Cola acuminata, Cola vera and
Garcinia Cola
With their corresponding zone of
inhibition. 30
LIST OF
FIGURES
FIGURES TITLE PAGE
1 Zones of Inhibition of the test
Pathogens with Different Treatments
(Oji Hausa, Oji Igbo and Bitter
Cola) 31
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The role of medicinal plants as
primary tool in preservation of health and management of diseases has been
realized with great concern. This result mainly from the use of synthetic drug
molecules that produce harmful side effects, which are comparatively minimal in
drugs of plant origin (Ajoy et al., 2001). .
Medicinal
plants are useful for healing as well as for curing of human diseases because
of the presence of phytochemical constituents (Prabha et al., 2011).
Phytochemicals
are naturally occurring in the medicinal plants, leaves, vegetables and roots
that have defense mechanism and protect from various diseases. Phytochemicals
are primary and secondary compounds. Chlorophyll, proteins and common sugars
are included in primary constituents and secondary compounds have terpenoid,
alkaloids and phenolic compounds (Krishnaiah, (2007) .
Terpenoids exhibit various important pharmacological activities i.e.,
anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-malarial, inhibition of cholesterol
synthesis, anti-viral and anti-bacterial activities (Mahato, (1997). Terpenoids
are very important in attracting useful mites and consume the herbivorous
insects ( Dicke, et al.,2005).
Alkaloids are used as anaesthetic agents and are found in medicinal plants
(Hérouart., 1998)
Some
Plants have ability to synthesize aromatic substances, most of which are
phenols or their oxygenated derivatives (Hasham, 1996). These substances serve
as plant defensive mechanism against attack by micro organism, insects, and
herbivores. The bactericidal effects of plant extracts have been reported and
several attempts made to destroy bacteria and their spores by the application
of these extracts (Jussi-Pekka et al., 2010). They exhibit great
bactericidal effects and inhibit the action of several microorganisms In
addition, plants extracts promote good human health and several plant extracts
are effective against various human pathogens including Candidaalbicans and
Staphylococcus aureus (Okwu, 2005)
Biological
activity reported for the plant includes the use of the methanolic extract of
the dried leaf as a molluscicide and the antibacterial activity of the tannins
fraction of the dried stem bark of G. kola against E. coli, Shigella
flexneri and Staphylococcus aureus (Iwu, 1993).
Cola vera
(Kola nut) “Goro” in Hausa; “Obi gbanja” in Yoruba; “Oji” in Ibo (Keay et al.,
1994) is a member of the family Steculicca. It is a tree plant found in Sierra
Leone. North Ashanti, tropical Western Africa, West Indies, Brazil and Java,
which grows about 40 feet high (Grieve, 2001). The tree has unbranched bole for
several feet; narrow buttress extending up bole for 3 feet in old trees and
also has grey bark with longitudinal fissures.
The
phytochemical composition of the kola nut seed is of obvious interest, since it
is reported to cure so many ailments. The key components are caffeine,
theobromine, tannins, phenolics, phlobaphene, anthocyanin, pigment kola red,
betaine, protein and starch (Karcher, 1997). The medicinal uses of kola nut are
recognized officially indicated as toxic, stimulant, laxative, sedative and
diuretic (Cheesbrough, 2002)
The
kola nut has a bitter flavour and caffeine content, and is chewed in many
African cultures, individually or in a group setting. It is often used
ceremonially, presented to tribal chiefs or presented to guests. Kola nuts are
often used to treat whopping cough and asthma. The caffeine present acts as a
bronchodilator, expanding the bronchiole air passages.
Kola
nuts are used mainly for their stimulant and euphoria qualities. They have
effects similar to other xanthenes containing herbs like cocoa, tea coffee,
quarana and Yerba mate. However, the effects an distinctively different,
producing a stronger state of euphoria and well-being. They have stimulant
effects on the central nervous system and heart. Animal experiments indicate
that kola nuts have analeptic and lipolytic (fat - burning) properties, and
stimulate the secretion of gastric juices. Human studies show kola nuts have
positive chronotropic and weak diuretic effects. In human, it enhances
alertness and physical energy, elevates mood, increases tactile sensitivity,
suppresses the appetite and is used in Africa as an aphrodisiac. Autonomic
changes include. Increased body temperature, increase blood pressure and
increased respiratory rate. (Terashima, K.
et al., 2002)
Cola
nut and bitter kola are traditional plants which are often eaten as snacks
especially among the elderly in Nigeria. Kola nut belongs to the plant family Sterculiaceae,
having about 125 species of trees native to the tropical rainforests of Africa.
Of these, two species are particularly very common among the Yorubas of South
Western Nigeria; these are Cola vera and
Cola acuminata. Cola nut is chewed in many West African cultures, either
individually or in group settings and is often used ceremonially
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/kolanut). Kola nuts contain large amounts of
caffeine and threobromine and are therefore used as a stimulant (Jayeola,
2001).
They
produce a strong state of euphoria and well-being, enhance alertness and
physical energy, elevate mood.
Bitter cola botanically known as “Garcinia
cola” is a herbaceous perennial medicinal plant grown in tropical rain
forest in Central and West Africa (Uko et al., 2001; Okolle et al.,
2009) and more predominantly in rainforest belt of Southern Nigeria (Agada and
Braide, 2009). The tree is usually cultivated within villages in Southern
Nigeria and grows to a height of about 12-14 m high. It has been referred to as
a “wonder plant” because almost every part of it has been found to be of
medicinal importance. The seed is also known as false fruit unlike kola nut (Cola
vera) which is known as “true kola”. It is commonly called “Akuilu” in Igbo
land, “Namijingoro” in Hausa land and “Orogbo” in Yoruba land of Nigeria. It
produces characteristic reddish, yellowish or orange coloured fruit with seeds
covered with skimp or husk.
The tree is probably the most
important source of chewing sticks. Unlike the kola nut, it is monocotyledonous
plant. It has nothing to do with the tradition of any ethnic group. It can be
eaten at any time and it has no side effect. It is one of those medicines that
have no overdose. When bitter kola is taken, one has no chances of contacting
or suffers from sour or mouth odour, stomach upset, tooth ache. Bitter cola has
a brownish outer cover while the inner part is yellowish in color. It has a
juicy substance which is assumed to contain the active ingredients.
The seeds of bitter kola are edible
and ar consumed as adjuvant to the true kola (Cola vera) and for
medicinal purposes (Braide, 1989). “Garcinia kola” is used in folklore
remedies for the treatment of ailments such as liver disorder, diarrhea,
laryngitis, bronchitis, gonorrhea (Adesina et al., 1995), stomach ache
and gastritis (Okwu, 2005). Its antifungal (Okwu, 2007) and antimicrobial
effects (Adegboye et al., 2008) have also been reported. Although bitter
kola lacks caffeine, its alkaloid and bi-flavonoid fractions are said to relax
the smooth muscles (Braide, 1999).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
OF THE STUDY
The
studies is aimed at investigating the phytochemical Profile of Oji Ibo Ibo, Oji
Hausa and Bitter cola and at the same vein ascertain the antimicrobial effects
of these nuts on some human pathogens.
1. To evaluate qualitatively the bioactive and biochemical components of Oji Ibo, Oji Hausa and Bitter
Cola.
2. To note the probable antimicrobial effects of Oji Ibo, Oji
Hausa and Bitter cola nut on some human pathogens.
3. To make appropriate recommendations for further development
and effective application of Oji Igbo, Oji Hausa and Bitter cola nut.
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