ABSTRACT
Four microorganisms causing gastroenteritis were used for the study of the antimicrobial effect of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri extracts.The bacterial pathogens used were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus while the fungal pathogens used were Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.The solvents used for extraction of active components of the plants(whole plant)were cold water,ethanol,methanol,and acetone extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activities.The antimicrobial activities of cold water,ethanol,methanol and acetone of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri was evaluated in growth using well and disc diffusion method; against isolated pathogen of E.coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.All extracts established significant antimicrobial activities against tested pathogens.In water extract the inhibition zone against E.coli is in the range of 10.67mm for phyllanthus niruri 13.67mm for Urtica dioica and 14.67mm for phyllanthus niruri and 15.67mm for Urtica dioica in ethanol extract,in methanol 16.67mm for Urtica dioica and 15.33mm for phyllanthus niruri,in acetone extract is 10.67mm in Urtica dioica and 12.00mm in phyllanthus niruri.In this case,the extract of Urtica dioica caused more inhibition than the phyllanthus niruri.The activities of water extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 9.67mm in Urtica dioica and 13.67mm in phyllanthus niruri by water extract of Urtica dioica plant while the ethanol extract is from 13.67mm for Urtica dioica and 18.67mm for phyllanthus niruri,in methanol 16.67mm in Urtica dioica and 19.33mm in phyllanthus niruri and in acetone is 13.67mm in Urtica dioica and 14.67mm in phyllanthus niruri.In Aspergillus niger the water extrct is 11.67mm for Urtica dioica and 16.67mm for phyllanthus niruri and for methanol extract 15.67mm in Urtica dioica and 15.33mm in phyllanthus niruri.In Candida albicans the water extract is 10.67mm for Urtica dioica and 14.67mm for phyllanthus niruri while ethanol is 17.67mm for Urtica dioica and 20.33mm for phyllanthus niruri.This shows that both ethanol,methanol and acetone extract of phyllanthus niruri is more potent against Staphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans than Urtica dioica plant.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables vii
List of Figures viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1
1.1 Aims
and objectives 3
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature
review 4
2.1
Origin of urtica dioica and phyllanthus niruri 4
2.2
Herbs and its uses 7
2.3 Antimicrobial
activity 7
2.4 Scientific
classification of phyllanthus niruri 8
2.5 Scientific
classification of Urtica dioica 9
2.6 Uses
and application of phyllanthus niruri 10
2.7
Uses and application of Urtica dioica 11
2.7.1
Application of Urtica dioica
12
2.8
Bacteria 12
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials
and Methods 14
3.1 Materials
14
3.2 Methods 14
3.2.1 Samples
Preparation 14
3.3
Preparation of extracts
15
3.3.1
Aqueous extract preparation on Uritica dioica 15
3.3.2
Aqueous extract preparation on phyllanthus niruri 15
3.3.3
Ethanol extract preparation on Uritica dioica 16
3.3.4
Ethanol extract preparation on phyllanthus niruri 16
3.3.5
Methanol extract of Uritica dioica 16
3.3.6
Methanol extract of phyllanthus niruri 17
3.3.7
Acetone Extract of Uritica dioica 17
3.3.8
Acetone Extract of phyllanthus niruri
17
3.4
Test for potency of organisms
18
3.5
Culture preparation
18
3.5.1
Agar well diffusion method
18
3.5.2
Disc diffusion method
19
3.6
Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC) 19
3.7
Phytochemical screening
20
3.7.1
Qualitative analysis of phytochemical
20
3.7.2
Qualitative determination of the phytochemical
22
3.8
Control experiment 29
3.8.1
ANOVA
29
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS 30
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion
37
5.2 Conclusion 40
References
42
Appendix
46
LIST OF TABLES
S/N Title Pages
1 Phytochemical screening 32
2 Quantitative
phytochemical content of the two test
plant, 33
Uritica dioica phyllanthus niruri(Mg/Kg) .
3 Results
of antimicrobial activity of the test plant extract 34
against the bacterial and fungal pathogens(mm)
LIST OF FIGURES
S/N Title Pages
1 The photograph of the plant Urtica dioica 5
2 The photograph of the plant phyllanthus niruri 6
3 Minimum inhibition concentration of different
extracts of
Urtica dioica against different organisms 35
4 Minimum inhibition concentration of different
extracts of
phyllanthus niruri
against different organisms 36
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
The medicinal plants are widely use
by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their
day to day practice. Medical plants represent an important source of medically
important compounds. Since ancient time, medicinal plants are used to cure
several types of health problems systematic analysis of plant provides a
variety of bioactive molecules for the development of newer pharmaceutical
products recently, There is a growing interest in the pharmacology evaluation
of various plants used in different traditional system of medicine. in last few
decades, many of traditionally known plants have been extensively studied by
advanced scientific techniques and reported for various medicinal properties
via, anti cancer, anti inflammatory, anti diabetic, antheimintic, anti
bacterial, anti fungal, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, larvievidal activity
(Kumar et al., 2010).
Nowadays, medicinal plants have many
application in peoples live, they can be used in the pharmaceutical compounds,
cosmetic, sanitary and nutritional industries (Ramtin et al,2012).
Urtica
dioica which is a member of Urticaceae
class, Nettle, has many important functions in traditional treatment
because it has a lot of curable effects. There are many reports which show this
plant is very effective in the treatment of blood pressure, diabetes, and
prostate hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic rhinitis (Fathi-Azad et al., 2005). Nettle (Urtica dioica) has medical properties
and its extract have been used for
hundreds of year in world traditional medicine for treating diseases such as
eczema, digestion, joint, pains and anemie (Chrubasik et al., 2007). Antimicrobial activities of alcoholic and aqueous
extract of the separate parts of Urtica
dioica were investigated on the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus spp and Candida
albicans. Its summary illustrated that alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica seed had the greatest influence on the gram positive
bacterial, leaves extract had the maximum effect on the gram negative bacteria.
They can be used in the pharmaceutical compounds, cosmetic, sanitary and
nutritional industries.(Ramtin et al,
2012)
Phyllanthus
niruri has several benefits as
herbal medicine. The plant has been found to have hepatoprotective,
antilithic, pain-relieving, anti-fungal, diuretic, antispasmodic, hypoglycemic,
antiviral and anti-bacterial actions (Paithankar, 2011). The therapeutic action
has been investigated with respond of following diseases; diarrhea, dysentry,
dropsy, mouth and throat infection, veneral diseases, pimples, eczemas,
gangrene, malaria, syphilis, ulcer, urethral secretion, hepatic diseases and
gastro-intestinal disorders (Tona et al;2004).
However there is limited data
available on antimicrobial activities of Phyllanthus
niruri and Urtica dioica. Present
study focus on investigation and evaluation of antimicrobial potential of Phyllanthus niruri and Urtica dioica on four major human
pathogens.
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE
The main objective of this study is
to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri on some human pathogens.
The specific objectives are;
1. To extract using water.
2. To extract using ethanol.
3. To extract using methanol.
4. To test for potency of organisms.
5. To carry out antimicrobial activities test.
6. To carry out phytochemical test.
7. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).
8. To carry out control experiment using known antibiotics.
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