ANTIMICROBIAL AND PHYTOCHEMICAL EFFECT OF URTICA DIOICA AND PHYLLANTHUS NIRURI ON SOME HUMAN PATHOGENS

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 ABSTRACT

Four microorganisms causing gastroenteritis were used for the study of the antimicrobial effect of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri extracts.The bacterial pathogens used were Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus while the fungal pathogens used were Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger.The solvents used for extraction of active components of the plants(whole plant)were cold water,ethanol,methanol,and acetone extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activities.The antimicrobial activities of cold water,ethanol,methanol and acetone of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri was evaluated in growth using well and disc diffusion method; against isolated pathogen of E.coli,Staphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans.All extracts established significant antimicrobial activities against tested pathogens.In water extract the inhibition zone against E.coli is in the range of 10.67mm for phyllanthus niruri 13.67mm for Urtica dioica and 14.67mm for phyllanthus niruri and 15.67mm for Urtica dioica in ethanol extract,in  methanol 16.67mm for Urtica dioica and 15.33mm for phyllanthus niruri,in acetone extract is 10.67mm in Urtica dioica and 12.00mm in phyllanthus niruri.In this case,the extract of Urtica dioica caused more inhibition than the phyllanthus niruri.The activities of water extract against Staphylococcus aureus was 9.67mm in Urtica dioica and 13.67mm in phyllanthus niruri by water extract of Urtica dioica plant while the ethanol extract is from 13.67mm for Urtica dioica and 18.67mm for phyllanthus niruri,in methanol 16.67mm in Urtica dioica and 19.33mm in phyllanthus niruri and in acetone is 13.67mm in Urtica dioica and 14.67mm in phyllanthus niruri.In Aspergillus niger the water extrct is 11.67mm for Urtica dioica and 16.67mm for phyllanthus niruri and for methanol extract 15.67mm in Urtica dioica and 15.33mm in phyllanthus niruri.In Candida albicans the water extract is 10.67mm for Urtica dioica and 14.67mm for phyllanthus niruri while ethanol is 17.67mm for Urtica dioica and 20.33mm for phyllanthus niruri.This shows that both ethanol,methanol and acetone extract of phyllanthus niruri is more potent against Staphylococcus aureus,Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans than Urtica dioica plant.




TABLE OF CONTENTS

 Title Page                                                                                                                                                           i

Certification                                                                                                                                                        ii

Dedication                                                                                                                                                           iii

Acknowledgements                                                                                                                                             iv

Table of Contents                                                                                                                                                v

List of Tables                                                                                                                                                      vii

List of Figures                                                                                                                                                     viii

Abstract                                                                                                                                                               ix

 

CHAPTER ONE 

1.0         Introduction                                                                                                                                          1

1.1         Aims and objectives                                                                                                                             3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0         Literature review                                                                                                                                  4

2.1       Origin of urtica dioica and phyllanthus niruri                                                                                        4

2.2       Herbs and its uses                                                                                                                                   7

2.3         Antimicrobial activity                                                                                                                          7

2.4         Scientific classification of phyllanthus niruri                                                                                      8

2.5         Scientific classification of Urtica dioica                                                                                              9

2.6         Uses and application of phyllanthus niruri                                                                                           10

2.7      Uses and application of Urtica dioica                                                                                                      11

2.7.1  Application of Urtica dioica                                                                                                                                12

 2.8 Bacteria                                                                                                                                                        12

 

 

CHAPTER THREE

3.0         Materials and Methods                                                                                                                         14

3.1         Materials                                                                                                                                               14

3.2         Methods                                                                                                                                                14

3.2.1      Samples Preparation                                                                                                                             14

3.3       Preparation of extracts                                                                                                                                       15

3.3.1    Aqueous extract preparation on Uritica dioica                                                                                       15

3.3.2    Aqueous extract preparation on phyllanthus niruri                                                                                15

3.3.3   Ethanol extract preparation on Uritica dioica                                                                                          16

3.3.4  Ethanol extract preparation on phyllanthus niruri                                                                                    16

3.3.5    Methanol extract of Uritica dioica                                                                                                          16

3.3.6    Methanol extract of phyllanthus niruri                                                                                                   17

3.3.7    Acetone Extract of Uritica dioica                                                                                                           17

3.3.8    Acetone Extract of phyllanthus niruri                                                                                                                17

3.4      Test for potency of organisms                                                                                                                             18

3.5       Culture preparation                                                                                                                                             18

3.5.1    Agar well diffusion method                                                                                                                                18

3.5.2    Disc diffusion method                                                                                                                                         19

3.6       Determination of minimum inhibitory concentration(MIC)                                                                              19

3.7       Phytochemical screening                                                                                                                                    20

3.7.1    Qualitative analysis of phytochemical                                                                                                                20 

3.7.2    Qualitative determination of the phytochemical                                                                                                 22

3.8       Control experiment                                                                                                                                             29

3.8.1    ANOVA                                                                                                                                                              29 

CHAPTER FOUR             

4.0         RESULTS                                                                                                                                                     30         

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0         Discussion                                                                                                                                                          37

5.2         Conclusion                                                                                                                                                         40            

 

References                                                                                                                                                                         42

Appendix                                                                                                                                                                        46


 




LIST OF TABLES

S/N       Title                                                               Pages

1          Phytochemical screening                                                                              32

2          Quantitative phytochemical content of the two test plant,                         33

           Uritica dioica phyllanthus niruri(Mg/Kg)               .                                              

3          Results of antimicrobial activity of the test plant extract                          34

           against the bacterial and  fungal pathogens(mm)                                                                                                   

 

 


 


LIST OF FIGURES


S/N             Title                                                               Pages

1                      The photograph of the plant Urtica dioica                                     5

2                      The photograph of the plant phyllanthus niruri                              6

3                      Minimum inhibition concentration of different extracts of

                       Urtica dioica against different organisms                                     35                   

4                      Minimum inhibition concentration of different extracts of

                       phyllanthus niruri against different organisms                              36

 

   

                                                              


CHAPTER ONE


1.1      INTRODUCTION

The medicinal plants are widely use by the traditional medical practitioners for curing various diseases in their day to day practice. Medical plants represent an important source of medically important compounds. Since ancient time, medicinal plants are used to cure several types of health problems systematic analysis of plant provides a variety of bioactive molecules for the development of newer pharmaceutical products recently, There is a growing interest in the pharmacology evaluation of various plants used in different traditional system of medicine. in last few decades, many of traditionally known plants have been extensively studied by advanced scientific techniques and reported for various medicinal properties via, anti cancer, anti inflammatory, anti diabetic, antheimintic, anti bacterial, anti fungal, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, larvievidal activity (Kumar et al., 2010).

Nowadays, medicinal plants have many application in peoples live, they can be used in the pharmaceutical compounds, cosmetic, sanitary and nutritional industries (Ramtin et al,2012).

Urtica dioica which is a member of Urticaceae class, Nettle, has many important functions in traditional treatment because it has a lot of curable effects. There are many reports which show this plant is very effective in the treatment of blood pressure, diabetes, and prostate hyperplasia, rheumatoid arthritis and allergic rhinitis (Fathi-Azad et al., 2005). Nettle (Urtica dioica) has medical properties and its extract have been  used for hundreds of year in world traditional medicine for treating diseases such as eczema, digestion, joint, pains and anemie (Chrubasik et al., 2007). Antimicrobial activities of alcoholic and aqueous extract of the separate parts of Urtica dioica were investigated on the Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus spp and Candida albicans. Its summary illustrated that alcoholic extract of Urtica dioica seed had the greatest influence on the gram positive bacterial, leaves extract had the maximum effect on the gram negative bacteria. They can be used in the pharmaceutical compounds, cosmetic, sanitary and nutritional industries.(Ramtin et al, 2012)

Phyllanthus niruri has several benefits as  herbal medicine. The plant has been found to have hepatoprotective, antilithic, pain-relieving, anti-fungal, diuretic, antispasmodic, hypoglycemic, antiviral and anti-bacterial actions (Paithankar, 2011). The therapeutic action has been investigated with respond of following diseases; diarrhea, dysentry, dropsy, mouth and throat infection, veneral diseases, pimples, eczemas, gangrene, malaria, syphilis, ulcer, urethral secretion, hepatic diseases and gastro-intestinal disorders (Tona et al;2004).

However there is limited data available on antimicrobial activities of Phyllanthus niruri and Urtica dioica. Present study focus on investigation and evaluation of antimicrobial potential of Phyllanthus niruri and Urtica dioica on four major human pathogens.

 

1.2      AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

The main objective of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial and phytochemical activity of Urtica dioica and Phyllanthus niruri on some human pathogens.

The specific objectives are;

    1. To extract using water.

     2. To extract using ethanol.

     3. To extract using methanol.

     4. To test for potency of organisms.

     5. To carry out antimicrobial activities test.

     6. To carry out phytochemical test.

      7. To determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC).

     8. To carry out control experiment using known antibiotics.

 


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