ABSTRACT
The antibacterial activity of aloe vera extract was tested on pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus cereus) at different concentration of 40, 80, 120mg/ml by using agar well diffusion method. Two extracts aqueous and ethanol were used. The ethanol and aqueous extracts showed zones of inhibition on the test organism depending on the concentration used. The ethanol extracts shows a high inhibition activity which shows maximum inhibition on E. coli at the average of (11.3 ± 1.52 to 21.6 ± 2.08) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.6 ± 1.15 to 23.6 ± 0.58) and Bacillus cereus (15.6 ± 1.52 to 19.3
1.52) compared with the average of the pathogenic organism on aqueous extract which show the minimum inhibition on E. coli (8.6 ±1.24 to 13.3 ±1.53), Bacillus cereus (12.6 ± 0.41 to 16. 3 ± 0.59), and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (11.5+ 1.00 to 17.7+ 1.52). Ethanol extract of aloe vera has a better inhibition than the aqueous extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the aqueous extracts on the test organism was between 12.5 to 25mg /ml and ethanol extract between 6.25 to 12.5mg/ml. The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the aqueous extract on the test organisms ranged between 25 to 50mg/ml and on ethanol extract between 12.5 to 25mg/ml. This results suggest that aloe Vera gel extract with ethanol can be used as antibactericidal agent on human pathogens for medication, cosmetic and food purposes.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table of Contents v
List of Tables viii
Abstract ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.2 Description of aloe vera plant 2
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study 4
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Growth requirement 5
2.2 Phytochemical properties of aloe vera 6
2.2.1 Anthraquinones 6
2.2.2 Saponins 6
2.2.3 Lignin 6
2.2.4 Salicyclic acid 6
2.2.5 Amino acids 7
2.2.6 Enzymes 7
2.2.7 Minerals 7
2.2.8 Vitamins 8
2.2.9 Sugars 8
2.3 Therapeutic use of aloe vera 8
2.3.1 Wound healing 8
2.3.2 Effects on the immune system 9
2.3.3 Anti-tumor activity 10
2.3.4 Anti-inflammatory action 10
2.3.5 Moisturizing and anti-aging agent 11
2.4 Medicinal uses of aloe vera 11
2.4.1 Anti-diabetic 11
2.4.2 Anticancer properties 12
2.4.3 Antiseptic 12
2.4.4 Stress 13
2.4.5 Cosmetic and skin protection application 13
2.4.6 Heart diseases 14
2.4.7 Arthritis 14
2.4.8 Hepatitis 15
2.5 Antimicrobial activities 15
2.5.1 Antibacterial activity 15
2.5.2 Antiviral activity 16
2.5.3 Antifungal activity 16
2.6 Commodity use of Aloe vera 17
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND
METHOD
3.1 Materials 18
3.2 Ethanol extraction method 18
3.3 Hot water extraction method 18
3.4 Preparation of Media 19
3.5 Test organisms used 19
3.6 Determination
of the antibacterial activity of aloe vera gel extract using
agar well diffusion method 19
3.7 Determination of the Minimum Inhibitory
Concentration (MIC) 20
3.8 Determination
of Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) 20
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULT 21
CHAPTER FIVE
5.1 DISCUSSION
26
5.2 Conclusion
27
5.3 Recommendation
28
References
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Diameter
Zones of Inhibition (mm) produced by aqueous extracts on
the test organisms 22
2 Diameter Zones of
Inhibition (mm) produced by ethanol extracts on
the test organisms 23
3 The
Minimum Inhibition Concentration of the ethanol and aqueous
extracts of Aloe vera on the test organism (MIC) 24
4 The
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration of
both ethanol and aqueous
extracts of Aloe vera on the test organism (MBC) 25
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Traditional
medicine is a practice for many centuries by a substantial proportion of the
population of many centuries, plant extracts represents a continuous effort to
find new compound against pathogens. Approximately 20% of the plants found in
the world have been sub mitted to pharmacological or biological test, and a
substantial number of new antibiotics introduced in the market are obtained
from nurtured or semi-synthetic resources (Mothanaet al., 2005).
The
use of plant extracts with known antibacterial properties can of great
significance in the treatment of numerous microbial infections. The use of
plant product for pharmaceutical purpose has been gradually increased.
According to World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best
source for obtaining a variety of drugs (Santos et al., 1995) properties, can be of great significance in the
treatment of various microbial infections. Aloe vera is a hardly, perennial,
tropical, drought resistant, succulent plant belonging to the liliaceace family
which, historically have been used for a variety of medicinal purposes. It has
a vast traditional role in indigenous system of medicine like Ayurveda, Siddha,
Unami and homeopathy.
Clinical
evaluations have revealed that the pharmacological active ingredients are
concentrated in both the gel and rind of the Aloe Vera leaves. Aloe vera is
popularly known as Aloe barbadensis by taxonomists. It is being used since
1759BC by Mesopotamians and Egyptians.
The
word ‘’Aloe’’ derived from the Arabic word ‘’Alloeh’’ which means shining and
bitter substance. The virtues of Aloe Vera have been recorded for thousands of
years by many ancient civilizations including Egypt, Persis, Greek, India and
Africa (Rolf and Zimmerh, 2000). The genus is indigenous to African continent
and Mediterranean countries such as Grece and southern Italy. It is reported
that it grows wild on the islands of Cyprus, Malta, Siely, Canary Cape, Cape
verde and have spread over avid tracts of India. Out of the 275 species, 42 of
them belong to Madagascar region (Africa), 12-15 to Arabian Peninsula and rest
are distributed over tropical South Africa.
Aloe
Vera been used for therapeutic purposes since ancients times. Common names of
the plant include Aloe, Aloe capensis, Aloe spicata, Aloe vera, Barbados loe.
There is a great variegation of therapeutic purposes eloquent substances
produced by Aloe vera which have eminent significances produced by Aloe vera
which have eminent significance in many areas of medicine. An entirety of 75
compounds is present in the leaf of Aloe vera. These include Lignin (capacity
of penetrating the human skin), Saponins–(antiseptic property as well as
foaming agents), anthrax-quininoes (aloin, isobarbaloin, anthracene, emodin,
ester of cinnamoic acid, chrysophanic acid, barbaloin, anthranol, aloectic acid,
Aloe emodin and ethereal oil).
1.2 Description of aloe vera plant
Aloe
vera is a stainless or very short stemmed succulent plant growing to 60 – 100cm
(24 – 30 in tall). Spreading by off set, the leaves are thick and fleshy green
to grey-green in colour with some varieties, show white flecks on the upper and
lower stem surface.
The
margin of the leaf is serrated and has small white teeth. It has stiff green
lance shaped leaves containing clear gel in a central mucilaginous pulp. Its
thick leaves contain the water supply for the plant to survive long period of
drought (Foster, 1999).
Aloe barbadensis miller
(aloe vera) belongs to lialiaceal family
of which there are about 360 species, it is a cactuc-like plant that
grows readily in hot, dry climate and currently because of demand, it is
cultivated in large quantities (Suleyman and Sema, 2009). When the leaf is cut,
an orange-yellow sap drips from the open
end. When the green skin of a leaf is removed, a clear mucilaginous substance
appears that contains fibres, water and the ingredients to retain the water in
the leaf. The aloe vera gel contains about 99.3% of water, the remaining 0.07%
is made up of solids with carbohydrates constituting for a large components
(Fosters, 1999)..
The
gel of aloe vera is contained in the leaves. It was used to treat stomach
ailments, gastrointestinal problems, skin diseases, constipations, radiation
injury, inflammatory effects, healing wounds and burns, ulcer (Johnson et al., 2012). The gel stimulates cell
growth and enhance the restoration of damaged skin. It moisturizes the skin
because it has water holding capacity.
As a drink, it protects the mucous membrane of the stomach especially when
irritated or damaged (Davis, 1997).
Aloe
vera plant contains different nutrients including vitamins, minerals, enzymes, sugars, phenolic compounds, sterol
and amino acids. Aloe vera contains many vitamins including vitamin A, C, E and
vitamins B1 (thiamine), B2 (Riboflavin), B3
(Niacin), and excluding vitamin D. aloe veraposses a number of therapeutic
effects viz; antinflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, antimicrobial and cell
growth stimulatory activity (Johnson et
al., 2012).
Aloe vera plant
1.3 Aims and objectives of the study
1. This
work therefore, examines the antibacterial activities of aloe vera extract on
some bacterial pathogens such as Escherichia
coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Bacillus
cereus.
2.
To determine the Minimum
inhibitory Concentration of the extract on the test organisms.
3.
To determine the minimum
bactericidal concentration of the extract on the test on organisms.
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