ABSTRACT
Tuberculosis T.B, one of the
opportunistic infections caused a result of Human Immuno-deficiency virus (HIV)
the virus that causes Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) which invades
the body as result of immune depression on the body system. Myco-bacterium
tuberculosis is the causative bacterium that causes tuberculosis T.B in
humans. Opportunity infection is defined as an
infection by a microorganism that normally does not cause disease but becomes
pathogenic when the body’s immune system is impaired and unable to fight off
infection. The description of ten medicinal plants that had been used for
centuries by local healers for the management and treatment of tuberculosis
were mentioned with emphasis on their, Botanical names, local name, family
names, common names, parts used, active constituents medicinal uses were
mentioned.
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
1.1
Some Believes Of Hiv And Its Origin
1.2
Human Immuno Definiency Virus (Hiv)
1.3
Diseases Associated With Hiv
1.4
Ethnobotanical And Ethnopharmacological
Studies Of Medicinal Plant Around Africa
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature Review
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Introduction
3.1 .0
Capsicum Frutescens
3.1.1 Description
3.1.2
Active Constituents
3.1.3
Parts Used
3.1.4
Medinal Uses
3.1.5
Bryophyllum
Pinnatum
3.1.6
Description
3.1.7
Parts
Used
3.1.8
Medicinal Uses
3.2.0
Abrus Precatorius Linne (Jequirity)
3.2.1
Description
3.2.2
Active Constituents
3.2.3
Parts Used
3.2.4
Medicinal Uses
3.2.5
Garcinia Cola
3.2.6
Description
3.2.7
Active Constituents
3.2.8
Medicinal Significance
3.2.9
Active Constituents
3.3.0
Parts Used
3.3.1
Medicinal Uses
3.3.2
Allium Sativum
3.3.3
Description
3.3.4
Active Constituents
3.3.5
Parts Used
3.3.6
Medicinal Uses
3.3.7 Cymbopogon
Citratus
3.3.8
Description
3.3.9 Active Components
3.4.0
Parts Used
3.4.1
Medicinal Uses
3.4.2 Piper
Nigrum
3.4.3
Description
3.4.4
Active Constituents
3.4.5
Parts Used
3.4.6 Medicinal Uses
3.4.7 Citrus Paradisi
3.48 Description
3.49 Active Constituents
3.50 Parts Used
3.51 Medicinal Uses
3.52 Cocos Nucifera
3.53 Description
3.54
Active Constituent
3.55
Parts Used
3.56
Medicinal Uses
4.0 CONCLUSION
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
AID - Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.
HIV - Human Immunodeficiency Virus
TB - Tuberculosis
M. Tuberculosis - Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
A Precatorius - Abrum
Precatorius
WHO - World Health Organization
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome simply called AIDS – is a disease that is
rapidly spreading around the whole world. It continues to attract the attention
of the government of all the nations and hard working researchers in the field
of science and medicine to find a permanent cure.
AIDS
is the disease presented when a type of virus (an organism that is not visible
to the naked eyes) called Human Immuno-deficiency Virus (HIV) gets into the
body and destroy the immune system of its host victim (Olapade, 2003).
1.5
SOME
BELIEVES OF HIV AND ITS ORIGIN
(1)
Some people claim that it was developed
in the laboratory of one of the Western Countries from where it’s accidentally escaped.
(2)
Others claim that its origin was from
the developing African Countries.
(3)
It is said that some monkeys like the
gorilla which is close to man in terms of evolution carry the virus in their
blood stream without the virus creating any health hazards to the animal. (Olapade,
2003).
1.1 HUMAN
IMMUNO DEFINIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
This
lentivirus within the family (Retroviridae). The disease appears to have begun
in central Africa as early as the 1950. HIV
may have developed in the human population in the 1930s or even earlier.
Epidemiologically
AIDS occurs worldwide. The groups most at risk in acquiring AIDS are (in
descending order of risk) homosexual / bisexual men, intravenous (IV) drug
users, heterosexuals who have intercourse with drug users, prostitutes (sex trade
workers) and bisexual, transfusion patient, or hemophiliacs who must receive clotting
factor preparations made from donated blood and children born of infected
mothers. (Precott e.tal, 2005).
1.2 DISEASES
ASSOCIATED WITH HIV
All
the under listed diseases are otherwise called opportunities diseases because
they were caused as a result of defection to the immune system in which the
body immune system find it difficult to fight infections as result of HIV
(virus) invasion.
1.
Frequent Fever
2.
Colds even in hot weather, such that
victims wear multiple dresses.
3.
Coughs that can later become tuberculosis.
4.
Loss of appetite
5.
Frequent Diarrhea
6.
Loss of body weight
7.
Skin rashes, some of which appear as
blisters (Herpes).
8.
Fragile hairs on the head
9.
Anaemia or inadequate blood
10.
Loss of strength or general body
weakness
11.
White coated tongue that later turns
dark with sores in the mouth – candidiasis.
12.
Enlarged lymph nodes and others.
The
research is on going to find a permanent cure to HIV menace. But as at the time
of this work no known cure has ever been discovered. But in the area of
treatments medicinal plants such as, Afromomum meleguata, vitellaria paradoxa, Allium
cepa, Alstoria boonei, Cocos, nucifera, Cola acuminata, Cymbopogon citrates, Baphia
nitida, Bryophyllum pinnatum and many more have been recorded some
successes on the treatment of the disease.
Because
of the limitation of this paper work, ten out of numerous medicinal plants that
have inhibiting properties on opportunistic infection such tuberculosis - the disease
that caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Shall be peripherally detailed.
1.3 ETHNOBOTANICAL
AND ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES OF MEDICINAL PLANT AROUND AFRICA
Several
investigators have carried out several ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological
studies of medicinal plants. Their findings revealed that many of these plants
have antimicrobial, antihelminthics and antiviral activities among other
properties. Most of the findings were information gathered from herbalist,
herbal practitioners or herb sellers. There are claims of cure for the
following viral born disease namely yellow fever, measles, hepatitis, mumps,
skin rashes, common cold and ever poliomyelitis, tuberculosis among several
other viral diseases. The claims showed that these plants species cut across
several families, utilizing various plants parts from the leaves, backs roots
and stems of either fresh or dried stuff. Some example are: Cymbopogon
citratus, Allium sativum, Solinium, nolidiform Hibiscus sabdariffa, Momordica
charantia, Vernomia amygdalina, Citrus paradise, Garcinia cola, etc
(Odugbemi, 2008).
Opportunistic
infections defined as an infections by a micro organisms that normally does not
cause disease but becomes pathogenic when the body’s immure system is impaired
and unable to fight off infection.
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