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PHYTOCHEMICAL AND ANTIMICROBCIAL ACTIVTY OF TWO NIGERIAN MEDICINAL PLANTS (XYLOPIA AETHIOPICA AND TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA)

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Product Category: Projects

Product Code: 00009663

No of Pages: 46

No of Chapters: 1-5

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ABSTRACT

The antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of the bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica were carried out. The two plant species indicate the presence of reducing sugar, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, anthraquinones, phlobatannins and steroids which are bioactive components. The antimicrobial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the bark species were tested against three organisms; Staphylococcus aureus, Echerichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The sensitivity of the microorganisms was determined using minimum inhibitory concentration and standard disc diffusion method; this was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the plant extracts using positive control. The methanol extract of the plants undertaken in the study showed strong anti-microbial activity against human bacteria. Methanol and aqueous plant extracts inhibited the growth of these pathogens. The zone of inhibition of the both extracts depends on the concentration of the extract. The methanol plant extract had high sensitivity than aqueous plant extract which showed less. The methanol extract of Xylopia aethiopica (19 µg/ml) which showed more sensitivity against the test organisms while the aqueous extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera had lower inhibitory activity (12µg/ml) showing less sensitivity against the test organisms. These results reveal that these plant species have potentials as source of raw materials in the pharmaceutical industry.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page                                                                                                             i

Declaration                                                                                                          ii

Certification                                                                                                         iii

Dedication                                                                                                           iv

Acknowledgments                                                                                                v

Table of content                                                                                                   vi

List of tables                                                                                                        viii

List of figures                                                                                                      ix

List of plates                                                                                                        x

Abstracts                                                                                                             xi


CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1      Background of the study                                                                             1

1.2      Aims and objective of the research                                                                                 4


CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2. 1     Phytochemical of plant                                                                               5

2.2      Botany of plants                                                                                         7

2.2.1   Botany of Xylopia aethiopica                                                                     7

2.2.2   Botany of Tetrapleura  tetraptera                                                                                   8

2.3      Antimicrobial activity of plants                                                                   9


CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1      Materials                                                                                                                       11

3.1.1   Source of material                                                                                      11

3.1.2   Sample preparation                                                                                                        11

3.2      Methods                                                                                                    11

3.2.1   Phytochemical screening                                                                            11

3.2.1.1 Test of Alkaloid                                                                                                            12

3.2.1.2 Test of Saponin                                                                                         12

3.2.1.3 Test of flavonoids                                                                                                         12

3.2.1.4 Test of  Phlobatannins                                                                                                   12

3.2.1.5 Test of Tannin                                                                                           13

3.2.1.6 Test of Reducing sugar                                                                                                  13      

3.2.1.7 Test of Anthroquinones                                                                                                 13

3.2.1.8 Test of Steroids                                                                                                             13

3.2.2   Antimicrobial activity of the bark of the plant Tetrapleura tetraptera and

Xylopia aethiopica                                                                                     14

3.2.2.1 Sample preparation                                                                                                       14

3.2.2.2 Preparation of extracts                                                                                                   14

3.2.2.3 Source of test organisms                                                                                                14

3.2.2.4 Antimicrobial activity test                                                                                              14

3.2.2.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration                                                      15

3.2.3   Statistical Analysis                                                                                     16


CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS

4.1      Phytochemical components                                                                        17

4.1.1   Qualitative analysis                                                                                                                                                  17

4.1.2   Anti-microbial activity of extracts against isolated bacterial                               18

4.1.3   Minimum inhibitory concentration                                                              19


CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION                

5.1      Discussion                                                                                                 20

5.2      Conclusion                                                                                                22

References                                                                                       

Appendices







LIST OF TABLES

Table                            Title                                                      Page

1:             The qualitative analysis of phytochemical contents of Tetrapleura

tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica                                                     17

2:             Anti-microbial activity of extracts Tetrapleura tetraptera and

Xylopia aethiopica                                                                           18

3:             Minimum inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol extracts

of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica                              19








 

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure                                                               Title                                                                                       Page

1                Minimum Inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol

                  extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica                                                 19

 

 

 

 

                                        


 

LIST OF PLATES

Plate                                           Title                                                                 Page

1                   Xylopia aethiopica bark                                                                   28

2                   Pulverized Xylopia aethiopica bark                                                  28

3                   Terapleura tetraptera bark                                                               29

4                   Pulverized Terapleura tetraptera bark                                              29

5                   Zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus                                     30

6                   Zone of inhibition of Salmonella                                                      30

7                   Zone of inhibition of Escherichia coli                                               30

 

 

 


 

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION


1.1      BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

The use of plants and plant extracts for medicinal purpose has been going on for thousands of years; and it has been the source of much useful therapy in both herbalism and folk medicine (Groth, 1994). The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine have also generated a lot of interest and concern about their efficacy and safety margin, since, 65-70% of the Nigerian population patronize traditional medicine practitioners in their various forms and methods (Bubayero, 1998; Lambos, 1998 and Sofowora, 2001). Plants produce many chemical compounds, which have potential value in the treatment of diseases, but a number of them could also be poisonous (Bubayero, 1998). Chemical compounds with beneficial effect have been isolated and biologically assayed to establish their medicinal activity (Ekong, 2006). Modern drugs used in orthodox medicine have also been sourced from plants (Sofowora, 2001). It is therefore not surprising that medicinal plants are vastly employed in the treatment of various ailments which include; snake- bite, eye injuries, conjunctivitis, burns, scalds, abdominal colic, peptic ulcer, diarrhea, dysentery, chronic ulcer, measles, hepatitis, arthritis and rheumatism (Esuoso and Odetokun, 2005). Mere isolation and elucidation of chemical structures of plant extracts may not be significant, until appropriate bioassays are carried out to establish the biological activity exhibited by the plant extract (Ekong, 2006).

There is a growing demand all over the world for these medicinal plant, aside from tackling diseases, people are resorting more on these medicinal plants as a means of reducing the use of chemical (orthodox) medicines that could potentially to detrimental to human health.( Abii et al., 2007).

Furthermore, the use of these medicinal plant as food, preservative spices and as instrument for preventing and tackling the development of microorganism in human bodies has become an area of extensive studies (Ekwenye et al., 2010). Also there is a wide acceptance of medicinal plants in preference to synthetic drugs or no adverse effect (Adetunji et al., 2006). Hence antimicrobial agent are substance that interfere with the growth and metabolism of microbes.

Antimicrobial agent are particularly useful in situation which the normal host defenses cannot be relied on to remove or destroy the pathogen (Nester. et.al. 2004).

Many important drugs used in medicine today are directly or indirectly derived from plants. A number of plants have been used in traditional medicine for many years due to their anti-microbial properties (Sofowora et al., 1993). Specifically, the medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce a definite physiological action on the human or animal body (Edeoga et al., 2005).

Since ancient time, plants with therapeutic properties have secured an important place in the healing practices and treatment of diseases (Mohammadu, 2011). Presently in the developing countries, synthetic drugs are inadequate for the treatment of disease but are also often with adulteration and side effects (Shariff, 2001). Therefore, there is need to search for suitable plants of medicinal value to be effective in the treatment of disease which must be harmless to human tissues. Medicinal plants still remain the primary source of supply of many important drugs used in orthodox medicine today (Clark, 1996).

Investigation into the chemical and biological activities of plant in past years have yielded compounds for the development of modern synthetic organic compounds as a major route for the discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic agents. African continent is one which is endowed with one of the richest biodiversity in the world with abundance of many plants used as herbs, food and for therapeutic purpose. Great need arises for the evaluation of the pharmacological properties and detailed screening of bioactive substances for chemotherapeutic purpose (Kubmarawa et al., 2009). Also in Nigeria application of medicinal plants especially in traditional medicine is currently well acknowledged and established as a visible profession (Kaferu, 1994).

Furthermore investigation into the antimicrobial activities of these plants will show that plants are potential sources of synthetic drug (Clark, 1996, kubmarawa.et.al 2009). The active principles for many drugs found in plants are secondary metabolites (Gbani, 1990).

 Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that occurs naturally in plant medicinal properties of the plants are generally dependent on the presence of certain phytochemicals such as alkaloid, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugar and anthraquinone with bioactive bases thought to be responsible for antimicrobial property (Ebana et al., 1993)

Alkaloid   are as group of mildly alkaline compound because it is astringent, saponin occur widely in varieties of plant, they are used as cleaning agent. Some of the saponins are useful as raw material for synthetics of steroid hormone. Phytochemicals with adequate antimicrobial efficacy will be used for the treatment of bacterial infection (Balandrin et al., 1995).s

Natural products are therefore gaining attention as an alternative for antimicrobial agents (Helal et al., 2015). 


1.2      AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH

The aim and objectives of this study are:

      i.         To determine the phytochemical constituents of the barks of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica.

    ii.         To determine the anti-microbial activity of the barks of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica.

                                                             

 

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