ABSTRACT
The
antimicrobial activity and phytochemical screening of the bark of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica were carried out. The two plant species indicate the
presence of reducing sugar, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids,
anthraquinones, phlobatannins and steroids which are bioactive components. The
antimicrobial activity of the methanol and aqueous extracts of the bark species
were tested against three organisms; Staphylococcus
aureus, Echerichia coli and Salmonella typhi. The sensitivity of the microorganisms was determined using
minimum inhibitory concentration and standard disc diffusion method; this was
carried out to evaluate the efficacy of the plant extracts using positive
control. The methanol extract of the plants undertaken in the study showed
strong anti-microbial activity against human bacteria. Methanol and aqueous
plant extracts inhibited the growth of these pathogens. The zone of inhibition
of the both extracts depends on the concentration of the extract. The methanol
plant extract had high sensitivity than aqueous plant extract which showed
less. The methanol extract of Xylopia
aethiopica (19 µg/ml) which showed more
sensitivity against the test organisms while the aqueous extract of Tetrapleura tetraptera had
lower inhibitory activity (12µg/ml) showing less
sensitivity against the test organisms. These results reveal that these plant species
have potentials as source of raw materials in the pharmaceutical industry.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Declaration ii
Certification iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgments v
Table
of content vi
List
of tables viii
List
of figures ix
List
of plates x
Abstracts xi
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the study 1
1.2 Aims and objective of the research 4
CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.
1 Phytochemical of plant 5
2.2
Botany of plants 7
2.2.1
Botany of Xylopia aethiopica 7
2.2.2 Botany of Tetrapleura tetraptera 8
2.3 Antimicrobial activity of plants 9
CHAPTER THREE: MATERIALS
AND METHOD
3.1 Materials 11
3.1.1 Source of material 11
3.1.2 Sample preparation 11
3.2 Methods 11
3.2.1 Phytochemical screening 11
3.2.1.1
Test of Alkaloid 12
3.2.1.2
Test of Saponin 12
3.2.1.3
Test of flavonoids 12
3.2.1.4
Test of Phlobatannins 12
3.2.1.5
Test of Tannin 13
3.2.1.6
Test of Reducing sugar 13
3.2.1.7
Test of Anthroquinones 13
3.2.1.8
Test of Steroids 13
3.2.2 Antimicrobial
activity of the bark of the plant Tetrapleura
tetraptera and
Xylopia
aethiopica 14
3.2.2.1
Sample preparation 14
3.2.2.2
Preparation of extracts 14
3.2.2.3
Source of test organisms 14
3.2.2.4
Antimicrobial activity test 14
3.2.2.5
Determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration 15
3.2.3 Statistical Analysis 16
CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS
4.1 Phytochemical components 17
4.1.1 Qualitative analysis 17
4.1.2 Anti-microbial activity of extracts against
isolated bacterial 18
4.1.3 Minimum inhibitory concentration 19
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1
Discussion 20
5.2 Conclusion 22
References
Appendices
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1: The
qualitative analysis of phytochemical contents of Tetrapleura
tetraptera and
Xylopia aethiopica 17
2: Anti-microbial
activity of extracts Tetrapleura
tetraptera and
Xylopia aethiopica 18
3: Minimum
inhibitory concentration of aqueous and methanol extracts
of Tetrapleura
tetraptera and Xylopia aethiopica 19
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Minimum Inhibitory concentration
of aqueous and methanol
extracts of Tetrapleura tetraptera and Xylopia
aethiopica 19
LIST OF PLATES
Plate Title Page
1 Xylopia aethiopica bark 28
2 Pulverized Xylopia aethiopica bark 28
3 Terapleura tetraptera bark 29
4 Pulverized Terapleura tetraptera bark 29
5 Zone of inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus 30
6 Zone of inhibition of Salmonella 30
7 Zone of inhibition of Escherichia coli 30
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The use of plants and plant extracts for
medicinal purpose has been going on for thousands of years; and it has been the
source of much useful therapy in both herbalism and folk medicine (Groth, 1994).
The use of medicinal plants in traditional medicine have also generated a lot
of interest and concern about their efficacy and safety margin, since, 65-70%
of the Nigerian population patronize traditional medicine practitioners in
their various forms and methods (Bubayero, 1998; Lambos, 1998 and Sofowora,
2001). Plants produce many chemical compounds, which have potential value in
the treatment of diseases, but a number of them could also be poisonous
(Bubayero, 1998). Chemical compounds with beneficial effect have been isolated
and biologically assayed to establish their medicinal activity (Ekong, 2006).
Modern drugs used in orthodox medicine have also been sourced from plants (Sofowora,
2001). It is therefore not surprising that medicinal plants are vastly employed
in the treatment of various ailments which include; snake- bite, eye injuries,
conjunctivitis, burns, scalds, abdominal colic, peptic ulcer, diarrhea,
dysentery, chronic ulcer, measles, hepatitis, arthritis and rheumatism (Esuoso
and Odetokun, 2005). Mere isolation and elucidation of chemical structures of
plant extracts may not be significant, until appropriate bioassays are carried
out to establish the biological activity exhibited by the plant extract (Ekong,
2006).
There is a growing demand all over the
world for these medicinal plant, aside from tackling diseases, people are
resorting more on these medicinal plants as a means of reducing the use of
chemical (orthodox) medicines that could potentially to detrimental to human
health.( Abii et al., 2007).
Furthermore, the use of these medicinal
plant as food, preservative spices and as instrument for preventing and
tackling the development of microorganism in human bodies has become an area of
extensive studies (Ekwenye et al., 2010).
Also there is a wide acceptance of medicinal plants in preference to synthetic
drugs or no adverse effect (Adetunji et al.,
2006). Hence antimicrobial agent are substance that interfere with the growth
and metabolism of microbes.
Antimicrobial agent are particularly
useful in situation which the normal host defenses cannot be relied on to
remove or destroy the pathogen (Nester. et.al.
2004).
Many important drugs used in medicine
today are directly or indirectly derived from plants. A number of plants have
been used in traditional medicine for many years due to their anti-microbial
properties (Sofowora et al., 1993). Specifically,
the medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that
produce a definite physiological action on the human or animal body (Edeoga et al., 2005).
Since ancient time, plants with
therapeutic properties have secured an important place in the healing practices
and treatment of diseases (Mohammadu, 2011). Presently in the developing
countries, synthetic drugs are inadequate for the treatment of disease but are
also often with adulteration and side effects (Shariff, 2001). Therefore, there
is need to search for suitable plants of medicinal value to be effective in the
treatment of disease which must be harmless to human tissues. Medicinal plants
still remain the primary source of supply of many important drugs used in
orthodox medicine today (Clark, 1996).
Investigation into the chemical and
biological activities of plant in past years have yielded compounds for the
development of modern synthetic organic compounds as a major route for the
discovery of novel and more effective therapeutic agents. African continent is
one which is endowed with one of the richest biodiversity in the world with
abundance of many plants used as herbs, food and for therapeutic purpose. Great
need arises for the evaluation of the pharmacological properties and detailed
screening of bioactive substances for chemotherapeutic purpose (Kubmarawa et al., 2009). Also in Nigeria
application of medicinal plants especially in traditional medicine is currently
well acknowledged and established as a visible profession (Kaferu, 1994).
Furthermore investigation into the
antimicrobial activities of these plants will show that plants are potential
sources of synthetic drug (Clark, 1996, kubmarawa.et.al 2009). The active
principles for many drugs found in plants are secondary metabolites (Gbani,
1990).
Phytochemicals are chemical compounds that
occurs naturally in plant medicinal properties of the plants are generally
dependent on the presence of certain phytochemicals such as alkaloid, tannins,
saponins, flavonoids, reducing sugar and anthraquinone with bioactive bases
thought to be responsible for antimicrobial property (Ebana et al., 1993)
Alkaloid
are as group of mildly alkaline compound because it is astringent, saponin
occur widely in varieties of plant, they are used as cleaning agent. Some of
the saponins are useful as raw material for synthetics of steroid hormone.
Phytochemicals with adequate antimicrobial efficacy will be used for the
treatment of bacterial infection (Balandrin et
al., 1995).s
Natural products are therefore gaining
attention as an alternative for antimicrobial agents (Helal et al., 2015).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVE OF THE RESEARCH
The aim and objectives of this study are:
i.
To
determine the phytochemical constituents of the barks of Tetrapleura tetraptera
and Xylopia aethiopica.
ii.
To
determine the anti-microbial activity of the barks of Tetrapleura tetraptera
and Xylopia aethiopica.
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