ANTIMICROBIAL EFFECTS ON TETRAPLEURA TETRAPTERA TAUB (UHIOKRIHO) ON SOME PATHOGENIC MICROGANISMS

ABSTRACT

Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of ethanolic and water extract of Tetrapleuratetraptera were studied using agar diffusion. Four known human bacterial pathogens were used. They were Escherichia coli ,Staphylococcusaureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Also, phytochemical composition revealed the presence of tannin,0.36%:saponin,0.54%;flavonoid,0.84%;alkaloid,1.28%:phenol,0.42% and 9.86mg/kg of hydrocyanic acid (HCN).Both water and ethanol extracts showed strong antibacterial activity. The most susceptible bacteria were E.coli followed by S.aereus while the most resistant bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract gave inhibition zone of diameters 20mm for E.coli, 15mm for S. aureus, 12mm P.areruginosa. For respectively,while ethanol extract gave 24mm for E.coli , 20mm for S.aureus and 15mm for P.areruginosaof the same test organisms. It was recorded that ethanolic extracts were more potent against the test organisms than the water extract. The established antibacterial activities were attributed to the presence of phytochemical and the continuous use of the test plant was highly recommended.The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the different extracts was determined as the least concentration that inhibited each test organism. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared by reconstituting different weights of the dry extract in 0.5ml sterile distilled water. Discs were incubated with the resulting extract and used for the sensitivity test. After incubation, the plates were examined. The least concentration to cause inhibition was recorded as the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC).

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page                                                                                                                                i

Approval Page                                                                                                                        ii

Declaration                                                                                                                             iii

Dedication                                                                                                                              iv

Acknowledgement                                                                                                                  v

Table of Contents                                                                                                                   vi

Abstract                                                                                                                                   vii       

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       Introduction                                                                                                                1

CHAPTER TWO

2.0       Literature Review                                                                                                       4

2.1       The History Of Medicinal Plant Use                                                                          4

2.2       Drug Resistance By Human Pathogens                                                                      7

2.3       Bioactive Compounds In Medicinal Plants                                                                9

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

3.1       Collection And Identification                                                                                     13

3.2       Sample Preparation                                                                                                    13

3.3       Collection Of Test Organisms                                                                                    13

3.3.1    The Test Human Bacteria Pathogens                                                                         13

3.3.2    Preparation Of Media                                                                                                 14

3.4       Sensitivity Test                                                                                                           14                                                       

3.4.1    Preparation Of Antibacterial Sensitivity Discs                                                          14

3.4.2    Test On Bacterial Sensitivity Extract                                                                         14

3.4.3    Determination Of Extract Yield                                                                                 15

3.4.4    Reconstitution of Extract                                                                                            15

3.4.5    Determination of Minimum Inhibition Concentration Of The Extract            16

3.5       Phytochemical Screening                                                                                           16

3.5.1    Qualitative Analysis                                                                                                   16

3.5.2    Test for Tannins                                                                                                          16

3.5.3    Test for Saponins                                                                                                        17

3.5.4    Test for Flavonoid                                                                                                      17

3.5.5    Test for Cyanogenic Glycoside                                                                                  17

3.5.6    Test for Alkaloid                                                                                                        18

3.5.7    Test for Steroids/Triterpens                                                                                        18

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS

4.1       Result                                                                                                                          19

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1       Discussion                                                                                                                   25

5.2       Conclusion                                                                                                                  27

REFERENCE

CHAPTER ONE

1.1       INTRODUCTION

It was discovered long ago that some plant materials exhibit antibacterial properties .The use of these plant materials and as preservative and as a means of preventing microorganism development in foods has become the subject of extensive studies (Gould,2006).Importantly ,the inhibitory effects of Tetrapleuratetraptera extracts against some human pathogens have been reported. Currently, there is a growing demand worldwide of consumers for minimizing chemical preservation that can be detrimental to human health consequently, spices, herbs and naturally occurring phenolics from various plants sources are being studied in detail in response to consumer requirements for fresher and more natural additive-free products (Nychas,2005)

Tetrapleuratetraptera is one of the medicinal plants in Nigeria. The documented biological or pharmacological activities are found to be molluscicidal, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, hypotensive, anti-conversant, antiulcerative,anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial. The pods notably have an appealing culinary use for mothers from the first day of delivery to post parturition and as a lactation aid (Enwere,2008).The antibacteial activity of this plant has been formulated into soap bases using palm kernel oil. At the same time, most of the folkloric chains agree in the traditional use of the fruit for management of convulsion,leprosy,inflammation and rheumatoid pains(Dalziel,2008).

Alcoholic and water extracts of Tetrapleuratetraptera inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (Salakoet al.,2000).The antibacterial activities of these plants has been exploited in the formulation of the dried powdered fruit of the plant. Thus, dried powdered herbs have been formulated into soap bases using palm kernel oil, shea butter and mixture of bases. The formulated soaps were evaluated for organoleptic properties an and foaming ability. Soaps with mixture of these two bases were of better qualities than those with the individual base. Incorporation of powdered plant materials influenced both the foaming property and the hardness of the soaps. Except for theTetrapleuratetraptera fruit powder which improved the foaming ability of these soaps all other herbs including Acalyphawilkensia,Haruganamadagascariensis and Ficus exasperate depressed the foaming ability of the soaps.The extract from Tetrapleuratetraptera exhibited anti-convulsant activity, which could be linked to their ability to depress the central nervous system(Akah and Nwambie,2003). The ethanol extract and saponins from stem-bark of Tetrapleuratetraptera exerted an inhibitory effect on luteinizing hormone released by pituitary cells (El Izzietet al.,2000) suggesting its use as a contraceptive agent. The nutritive quality of the dry fruit of Tetrapteratetraptera used as spice was assessed. The fruit shell, fruit pulp and seed contained varying amount of nutrients such as proteins, lipids and minerals which were comparable and some were higher than popular spices such as red pepper, onion curry and ginger (Essienet al.,2004)

 Previous researchers repeated the presence of glycosides and tannins in water and ethanolic extracts of Tetrapleuratetraptera and observed that such phytochemical metabolites were effective inhibitors of growth of bacterial.

Apart from food qualities, vegetables have been found contain phytochemical with demonstrated medicinal usefulness (Ames,2003). Oguntana(2008) attributed the protection offered by some fruits and vegetables against diseases such as cancer and heart diseases to the presence of some phytochemical.

The molluscicidalactivity of the extracts from the leaf, leaf-stalk, stem-bark and root-bark has been exploited for long, but studies on the antibacterial effects of the essential oil from its fruit are scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine the antibacterial effects of the essential oil of the fruit of Tetrapleuratetraptera extracted using different solvents to identify the chemical components of the extract and to determine at which concentration they were inhibitory to some human pathogens likeEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi. Also, to provide a guide or direction on the concentration of the fruit extracts to the populace who use them for the treatment of diseases and to prevent side effects associated with the diseases.

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