ABSTRACT
Phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of ethanolic and water extract of Tetrapleuratetraptera were studied using agar diffusion. Four known human bacterial pathogens were used. They were Escherichia coli ,Staphylococcusaureus, Salmonella typhi and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.Also, phytochemical composition revealed the presence of tannin,0.36%:saponin,0.54%;flavonoid,0.84%;alkaloid,1.28%:phenol,0.42% and 9.86mg/kg of hydrocyanic acid (HCN).Both water and ethanol extracts showed strong antibacterial activity. The most susceptible bacteria were E.coli followed by S.aereus while the most resistant bacteria were Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The water extract gave inhibition zone of diameters 20mm for E.coli, 15mm for S. aureus, 12mm P.areruginosa. For respectively,while ethanol extract gave 24mm for E.coli , 20mm for S.aureus and 15mm for P.areruginosaof the same test organisms. It was recorded that ethanolic extracts were more potent against the test organisms than the water extract. The established antibacterial activities were attributed to the presence of phytochemical and the continuous use of the test plant was highly recommended.The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) of the different extracts was determined as the least concentration that inhibited each test organism. Different concentrations of the extract were prepared by reconstituting different weights of the dry extract in 0.5ml sterile distilled water. Discs were incubated with the resulting extract and used for the sensitivity test. After incubation, the plates were examined. The least concentration to cause inhibition was recorded as the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC).
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title page i
Approval
Page ii
Declaration iii
Dedication iv
Acknowledgement v
Table
of Contents vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction 1
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review 4
2.1 The History Of Medicinal Plant Use 4
2.2 Drug Resistance By Human Pathogens 7
2.3 Bioactive Compounds In Medicinal Plants 9
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Collection And Identification 13
3.2 Sample Preparation 13
3.3 Collection Of Test Organisms 13
3.3.1 The Test Human Bacteria Pathogens 13
3.3.2 Preparation Of Media 14
3.4 Sensitivity
Test 14
3.4.1 Preparation Of Antibacterial Sensitivity
Discs 14
3.4.2 Test On Bacterial Sensitivity Extract 14
3.4.3 Determination Of Extract Yield 15
3.4.4 Reconstitution of Extract 15
3.4.5 Determination of Minimum Inhibition
Concentration Of The Extract 16
3.5 Phytochemical Screening 16
3.5.1 Qualitative Analysis 16
3.5.2 Test for Tannins 16
3.5.3 Test for Saponins 17
3.5.4 Test for Flavonoid 17
3.5.5 Test for Cyanogenic Glycoside 17
3.5.6 Test for Alkaloid 18
3.5.7 Test for Steroids/Triterpens 18
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Result 19
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND
CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion 25
5.2 Conclusion 27
REFERENCE
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
It was discovered long
ago that some plant materials exhibit antibacterial properties .The use of
these plant materials and as preservative and as a means of preventing microorganism
development in foods has become the subject of extensive studies (Gould,2006).Importantly
,the inhibitory effects of Tetrapleuratetraptera
extracts against some human pathogens have been reported. Currently, there is a
growing demand worldwide of consumers for minimizing chemical preservation that
can be detrimental to human health consequently, spices, herbs and naturally
occurring phenolics from various plants sources are being studied in detail in
response to consumer requirements for fresher and more natural additive-free
products (Nychas,2005)
Tetrapleuratetraptera is one of the medicinal plants in
Nigeria. The documented biological or pharmacological activities are found to
be molluscicidal, cardiovascular, neuromuscular, hypotensive, anti-conversant,
antiulcerative,anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial. The pods notably have an
appealing culinary use for mothers from the first day of delivery to post
parturition and as a lactation aid (Enwere,2008).The antibacteial activity of
this plant has been formulated into soap bases using palm kernel oil. At the
same time, most of the folkloric chains agree in the traditional use of the
fruit for management of convulsion,leprosy,inflammation and rheumatoid
pains(Dalziel,2008).
Alcoholic and water
extracts of Tetrapleuratetraptera
inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus
aureus (Salakoet al.,2000).The
antibacterial activities of these plants has been exploited in the formulation
of the dried powdered fruit of the plant. Thus, dried powdered herbs have been
formulated into soap bases using palm kernel oil, shea butter and mixture of
bases. The formulated soaps were evaluated for organoleptic properties an and
foaming ability. Soaps with mixture of these two bases were of better qualities
than those with the individual base. Incorporation of powdered plant materials
influenced both the foaming property and the hardness of the soaps. Except for
theTetrapleuratetraptera fruit powder
which improved the foaming ability of these soaps all other herbs including
Acalyphawilkensia,Haruganamadagascariensis and Ficus exasperate depressed the
foaming ability of the soaps.The extract from Tetrapleuratetraptera exhibited anti-convulsant activity, which
could be linked to their ability to depress the central nervous system(Akah and
Nwambie,2003). The ethanol extract and saponins from stem-bark of Tetrapleuratetraptera exerted an
inhibitory effect on luteinizing hormone released by pituitary cells (El Izzietet al.,2000) suggesting its use as a
contraceptive agent. The nutritive quality of the dry fruit of Tetrapteratetraptera used as spice was
assessed. The fruit shell, fruit pulp and seed contained varying amount of
nutrients such as proteins, lipids and minerals which were comparable and some
were higher than popular spices such as red pepper, onion curry and ginger
(Essienet al.,2004)
Previous researchers repeated the presence of
glycosides and tannins in water and ethanolic extracts of Tetrapleuratetraptera and observed that such phytochemical
metabolites were effective inhibitors of growth of bacterial.
Apart from food qualities,
vegetables have been found contain phytochemical with demonstrated medicinal
usefulness (Ames,2003). Oguntana(2008) attributed the protection offered by
some fruits and vegetables against diseases such as cancer and heart diseases
to the presence of some phytochemical.
The molluscicidalactivity
of the extracts from the leaf, leaf-stalk, stem-bark and root-bark has been
exploited for long, but studies on the antibacterial effects of the essential
oil from its fruit are scarce. The purpose of this study was to examine the
antibacterial effects of the essential oil of the fruit of Tetrapleuratetraptera extracted using different solvents to
identify the chemical components of the extract and to determine at which
concentration they were inhibitory to some human pathogens likeEscherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi.
Also, to provide a guide or direction on the concentration of the fruit
extracts to the populace who use them for the treatment of diseases and to prevent
side effects associated with the diseases.
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