Abstract
The antibacteria and phytochemical screening of Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis was conducted based on the report of medicinal uses of these plants among the people of Eha-Amufu in Isi-uzo L.G.A. of Enugu state. The anti-bacterial activity testing of the ethanol extracts of the leaves of the plants was done using the agar disc diffusion method to measure the diameter zone of inhibition and broth dilution assay to assess the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the plant extracts against susceptible organisms. Four test bacteria were used (Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Echerichia coli ATCC 25922, Enterococcus faecalise 7080 and Salmonella typhi. The ethanol extract of Sida cordifolia produced a diameter of zone of inhibition of 12.17 mm against Staphylococcus aureus, 10.50mm against Escherichia coli, 13.00mm against Enterococcus faecalis and 11.00mm against Salmonella typhi. While ethanol extract of Stachytarpheta cayennensis had no effect on both organisms. The phytochemical screening of these leaves Sida cordifolia and Stachytarpheta cayennensis showed that tannins, Saponins and flavonoids are present. This Research project validates the use of Sida cordifolia in herbal medicine.
TABLE OF
CONTENTS
Title page
Certification i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgements iii
Table of Contents iv
List of
Tables vi
Abstract vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Aims and Objective 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Sidacordifolia 4
2.2 Stachytarphetaceyennesis 5
2.3 Phytomedicine 6
2.4 Risk
of Phytomedicine 6
2.5 Phytochemicals 7
2.6 Classes
of Phytochemical 7
2.6.1 Alkaloids 8
2.6.2 Glycosides 8
2.6.3 Flavonoids 9
2.6.4 Phenolics 9
2.6.5 Saponins 10
2.6.6 Tannins 11
2.6.7 Terpenes 11
2.6.8 Anthraquinones 11
2.7 Mechanism of action of Phytochemical 12
2.8.0 Test organism 13
2.8.1 Escherichia
coli 13
2.8.2 Staphylococcus
aureus 14
2.8.3
Salmonella typhi 15
2.8.4
Enterococcus faecalis 15
CHAPTER THREE
3.0
MATERIALS AND METHODS 17
3.1 Plant Material 17
3.1.1 Preparation of the plant leaves 17
3.1.2 Leaves Extraction Procedure 17
3.1.3 Ethanol Extraction Method 18
3.1.4 Media 18
3.1.5 Media used 18
3.1.6 Preparation of Media 18
3.1.7 Test organisms 18
3.2 Preparation of stock solution of extract 19
3.3 Reactivation of stock culture of test
organisms 19
3.4 Antimicrobial testing 20
3.5 Determination of MIC and MBC 20
3.6 Phytochemical screening 21
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 RESULTS
23
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0
DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION 27
5.1
Discussion 27
5.2
Conclusion 28
5.3
Recommendation 29
References
LIST
OF TABLES
Table Title
of tables Page
1:
Mean diameter zone of inhibition
(mm) produced by ethanol extracts of Sida
cordifolia and Stachytarpheta ceyennensis
against test organisms 24
2: MIC and MBC values of Sida cordifolia and Starchytarpheta ceyennensis extracts against susceptible organisms. 25
3:
Quantitative Phytochemical Screening
of the Plant Samples 26
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Plants
have formed the basis of traditional systems of medicine that has been in
existence since time immemorial and continued to provide mankind with new
remedies (Jonathan et al., 2007). A
medicinal plant is one which contains substances that can be used for
therapentic purposes. Plants act generally to stimulate and supplement the
body’s forces, they are the natural food for human beings (Akinnibosun and
Itedgere, 2012). For thousands of years before the advent of modern medicine,
herbs and substances derived from plants have been the mainstay of traditional
medicine around the world (Biljana,2012).
Growing
of most plants and trees now goes beyond afforestation purpose to make them
available and accessible for exploitation of natural chemical composition of
their usefulness in the management and or cure of both human and animal
diseases. Many infectious diseases are known to be treated with herbal remedies
throughout the history of mankind. Historically pharmacological screening of
compound of natural or synthetic origin has been the source of innumerable
therapeutic agents. Random screening of these compounds as tools in discovering
new biologically active molecules has been most productive in the area of
antibiotics (Awaad et al., 2014).Even
today, tradition practitioner in Eha-Amufu, Isi-uzo L.G.A of Enugu state,
Nigeria use varieties of herbal preparations to treat different kinds of
ailments including many microbial infections such as gonorrhea, sore throat
gastrointestinal infection, Arthritis, diarrhea. Based on common belief, drugs
from higher plants and shrubs occupy an important niche in modern medicine. On
a global basis, at least 130 drugs, all single chemical entities, extracted
from higher plants, or modified further synthetically, are currently in use,
though some of them are now being made synthetically for economic reasons
(Damintoti et al., 2007).
According
to World Health Organization, medicinal plants would be the best source to
obtain varieties of drugs. About 80% of individuals from developing countries
have used traditional medicine, which has compounds derived from plants.
Therefore, such plants should be investigated for better understanding of their
properties, safety and efficiency (Chintamunnee and Mohomoodally, 2012). Because
of an increasing interest in plants as source of agents to fight microbial
diseases and the alarming incidence of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic
microbes in particular, there is still constant need for discovering new and
effective therapeutic agents (Mouhssen, 2013). The control of infectious
diseases is badly endangered by the rise in the number of Microorganism that
are resistant to antimicrobial agents. This is because infectious caused by
resistant Microorganisms often fail to respond to conventional treatment,
resulting in prolonged illness and greater risk of death. Antibiotics
resistance is a type of drug resistance where Microorganisms is able to survive
exposure to an antibiotic. The primary causes of antibiotic resistance are
genetic mutation in bacteria (Fernando and Jose,2013). Inappropriate and irrational use of
antimicrobial medicines provides favourable conditions for resistant Microorganisms
to emerge, spread and persist. The greater the duration of exposure to the
antibiotic, the greater the risk of the development of resistance, irrespective
of the need for the antibiotic as resistance toward antibiotics becomes more
common, a greater need for alternative treatment arises. However despite a push
for new antibiotic therapies there has been a continued decline in the number
of newly approved drugs (Mankkam et al.,
2015). Antibiotic resistance therefore posses a significant problem. Nevertheless
effort are inplace to solve the problem.
1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVE
1. To
screen two medicinal plants (Sida cordifolia
and Stapchytarphetac cayennensis) for
antimicrobial activity against some bacterial pathogens.
2. To
carry out phytochemical screening of the ethanolic extracts of the medicinal
plants.
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