KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE TOWARDS BOVINE TUBERCLUSIS IN BIRNIN KUDU LOCAL GOVERNMENT, JIGAWA STATE

ABSTRACT

In a study to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices along with epidemiological factors of bovine tuberculosis from pastoralists and the communities around the Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas (LGAs) Jigawa State, were randomly selected without replacement from it Senatorial districts area.  A closed-ended questionnaire was designed to capture the knowledge, attitude and practices of the respondents along with the epidemiological factors of the disease. A total of 100 respondents participated in the study. From the study majority of the respondents representing 76 respondents are not aware of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among animals in Birnin kudu local government. 90% of the respondents think it is good to keep animals with bovine tuberculosis separately. Majority of the respondents (80) believed that spread of tuberculosis can happen when some animals with untreated active form of bovine tuberculosis cough, sneeze, spits, With respect to epidemiological factors to exposure to bTB, 72.97% of the respondents reported mixing their cattle with others from other herds daily and that 54.39% of the pastoralists reported all suspected diseases including bTB to veterinary clinics while 29.56% were sending such animals to markets for sale.  From the study it was concluded that no less than 76.01% of the respondents were aware of tuberculosis in both animals and humans and that their attitude, practices along with the presence of epidemiological factors are capable of spreading tuberculosis within their areas and beyond.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title page        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           i

Declaration `-  -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           ii

Certification    -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iii

Dedication       -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           iv

Acknowledgement      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           v

Table of contents        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vi

Abstract          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           vii

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.0 Introduction          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.1 Background of the Study -            -           -           -           -           -           -           -           1

1.2 Statement of Research Problem   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           2

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

1.3.1 Aim        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

1.3.2 Objectives -        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           3

1.4 Research Questions           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

1.5 Justification           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           4

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 BOVINE TB (Mycobacterium bovis)      -           -           -           -           -           -           6

2.1.1 Bovine TB – A Global View     -           -           -           -           -           -           -           7

2.3  Cattle-Cattle Transmission           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           11

2.3.1        Evidence Supporting Cattle-Cattle Transmission       -           -           -           -           11

CHAPTER THREE: MATERIAL AND METHODS

3.1 Description of the study area        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           16

3.2 Study population   -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

3.3 Study design         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           17

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Introduction          -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           18

4.2 Result        -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           18 CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

5.1 Discussion           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           26

5.2 Conclusions         -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           27

References      -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           -           29

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 Introduction

Mycobacterium bovis is the causal agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), an infectious and chronic disease in animals and humans (Neill, Skuce & Pollock 2005). Mycobacterium bovis threatens wildlife conservation and the economy, and zoonotic TB appears aggravated in developing countries because of the poor veterinary infrastructures, paucity of funds for disease prevention and controls (Etter et al. 2006; Olea-Popelka et al. 2017). In low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs) in Africa, bTB is prevalent in cattle populations (Ayele et al. 2004) and impacts animal production negatively (e.g. carcass condemnations, decreased milk yields, low meat yield because of emaciation and poor reproductive performances). Such production losses or a single animal death has far-reaching economic and sociocultural consequences on subsistence farmers in resource-poor communities (Olea-Popelka et al. 2017).

Bovine TB has been implicated in the increasing cases of human health problems in Africa, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) pandemic (Cosivi et al. 1998), and an increased human TB because of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may suggest a concomitant increase in human infections with M. bovis. In LMICs, human–animal interactions are intensive, with close cohabitation and poor hygiene standards during handling of animal products (Ameni et al. 2007).

While drinking raw milk and eating undercooked meat are obvious risk factors for the transmission, traditional practices such as sharing of dwellings with animals at night and plastering houses with cow dung are inadvertent risk for bTB transmission (Katale et al. 2012).

Addressing the identified risk factors is sometimes complicated by cultural resistance (OleaPopelka et al. 2017). Attempting to change norms, such as plastering houses with cow dung, without giving cheaper more accessible alternatives would be met with resistance. For example, suggesting cement as an alternative building material comes with high cost and is not a feasible alternative to the already impoverished communities. Because livestock disease monitoring, control and eradication activities should use multi-partner, multi-disciplinary approaches and should be farmer-centred, policy-makers should take cognisance of farmers’ awareness levels and perceptions on bTB in planning mitigations and control strategies (Ameni et al. 2007).

1.2 Statement of Research Problem 

Livestock production in Nigeria is largely in the hands of pastoralists who own greater than 80% of the national cattle herd (Saidu, et al., 1991). These pastoralists are in a habit of moving with their livestock from one area to another, especially during the dry season as they go out searching for crop residues for their livestock. It is also during this period that water for them and their livestock is scarce and this adds to the reason for their migration. In the process, many herds meet and this is capable of spreading diseases, especially communicable ones like tuberculosis. The level of education by these pastoralists has been shown to be low and therefore they are not aware of how diseases are necessarily transmitted or spread among animals (Saidu et al., 1991; Kaltungo, 2013; Buhari, 2014). The cultural activities of the pastoralists with regard to their eating and drinking habits has further added to the possibility for acquisition of infection and even the spread of such diseases like brucellosis and even tuberculosis, should the animals under their care be infected (Kaltungo et al,, 2013). Thus, today the prevalence of both tuberculosis and brucellosis seem to be on the increase (Alhaji, 1976; Abubakar, 2007; Bertu et al., 2010; Kaltungo, 2013). 

Hitherto, Nigerian Governments depended greatly on oil for executing most of their activities in running governance. The present national administration is diverting its interest in making agriculture to contribute significantly to the Nigerian economy. Therefore, the livestock sector of agriculture should be seen to make greater impact in supporting the economy. This cannot be possible with increasing occurrence of livestock diseases and even zoonotic ones. Thus, determining the status of bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government area, Jigawa State will go a long way in making cattle to meaningfully contribute economically to the state and even national economy by way of increased supply of livestock products and productivity.

1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study

1.3.1 Aim

The aim of the study was to determine the knowledge attitude and practice towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria

1.3.2 Objectives

1.      To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area.

2.      To determine the factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State.

3.      To determine the risk factors of bovine tuberculosis with regard to pastoralists‘ and communities‘ attitudes and practices in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State.

1.4 Research Questions

1.      What are the knowledge, attitudes and practices towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area?

2.      What are the factors associated with bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State?

3.      What are the risk factors of bovine tuberculosis with regard to pastoralists ‘and communities‘ attitudes and practices in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State?

1.5 Justification

Nigeria is one of the countries in Africa with the highest livestock populations (Jahnke et al., 1986). However, other countries like Botswana and Kenya are able to tap from their livestock population more than Nigeria as they have substantially controlled livestock diseases (Jahnke et al., 1986). The potentials for increased and improved livestock production in Nigeria were there as there were many grazing reserves and stock routes that could facilitate livestock development (Saidu and Alhaji, 1981). There are also many extension delivery outlets that can educate the livestock keepers (pastoralists) to improve their production system (Dafwang, et al., 1987; Mijindadi and Saidu; 1990). However, diseases, especially zoonotic ones, are capable of not only reducing productivity of the national cattle herd but also adversely affecting the human population that will be expected to drive the economy of the nation around.  This is at a time when many Nigerians have ventured into yoghurt production earning little income while Nigerians are able to receive dairy products as a means of improving the per caput animal protein intake, especially for the young and old members of the citizenry. The colonial administration along with the Regional Governments tried to introduce livestock development programmes like Livestock Investigation and Breeding Centres (LIBC) and dairy farms with the sole aim of boosting livestock production.  This has become a thing of the past as the livestock owners are left more to themselves. There is,therefore, the urgent need to look into the diseases that, not only affect livestock, but also influence public health and productivity of both animals and man. Thus, this study is set out to determine the epidemiological factors that will lead to the spread of tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Jigawa State.     

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