ABSTRACT
In a study to determine the knowledge, attitude and
practices along with epidemiological factors of bovine tuberculosis from
pastoralists and the communities around the Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas
(LGAs) Jigawa State, were randomly selected without replacement from it
Senatorial districts area. A closed-ended questionnaire was designed to
capture the knowledge, attitude and practices of the respondents along with the
epidemiological factors of the disease. A total of 100 respondents participated
in the study. From the study majority of the respondents representing 76
respondents are not aware of the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis among
animals in Birnin kudu local government. 90% of the respondents think it is
good to keep animals with bovine tuberculosis separately. Majority of the
respondents (80) believed that spread of tuberculosis can happen
when some animals with untreated active form of bovine tuberculosis cough,
sneeze, spits, With respect to epidemiological factors to exposure to bTB,
72.97% of the respondents reported mixing their cattle with others from other
herds daily and that 54.39% of the pastoralists reported all suspected diseases
including bTB to veterinary clinics while 29.56% were sending such animals to
markets for sale. From the study it was concluded that no less than
76.01% of the respondents were aware of tuberculosis in both animals and humans
and that their attitude, practices along with the presence of epidemiological
factors are capable of spreading tuberculosis within their areas and beyond.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title page - - - - - - - - - - i
Declaration `- - - - - - - - - - - ii
Certification - - - - - - - - - - iii
Dedication - - - - - - - - - - iv
Acknowledgement - - - - - - - - - v
Table of contents - - - - - - - - - vi
Abstract - - - - - - - - - - vii
CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION
1.0 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 1
1.1 Background of the Study - - - - - - - - 1
1.2 Statement of Research
Problem - - - - - - - 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study - - - - - - - 3
1.3.1 Aim - - - - - - - - - - 3
1.3.2 Objectives - - - - - - - - - - 3
1.4 Research Questions - - - - - - - - 4
1.5 Justification - - - - - - - - - 4
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 BOVINE TB (Mycobacterium bovis) - - - - - - 6
2.1.1 Bovine TB –
A Global View - - - - - - - 7
2.3
Cattle-Cattle Transmission - - - - - - - 11
2.3.1
Evidence Supporting Cattle-Cattle Transmission - - - - 11
CHAPTER
THREE: MATERIAL AND METHODS
3.1
Description of the study area - - - - - - - 16
3.2
Study population - - - - - - - - - 17
3.3
Study design - - - - - - - - - 17
CHAPTER
FOUR: RESULT AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction - - - - - - - - - 18
4.2 Result - - - - - - - - - - 18
CHAPTER FIVE: DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion - - - - - - - - - 26
5.2 Conclusions - - - - - - - - - 27
References - - - - - - - - - - 29
CHAPTER ONE
1.1 Introduction
Mycobacterium bovis is the causal agent of bovine
tuberculosis (bTB), an infectious and chronic disease in animals and humans
(Neill, Skuce & Pollock 2005). Mycobacterium
bovis threatens wildlife conservation and the economy, and zoonotic TB
appears aggravated in developing countries because of the poor veterinary
infrastructures, paucity of funds for disease prevention and controls (Etter et
al. 2006; Olea-Popelka et al. 2017). In low-to-middle-income countries (LMICs)
in Africa, bTB is prevalent in cattle populations (Ayele et al. 2004) and
impacts animal production negatively (e.g. carcass condemnations, decreased
milk yields, low meat yield because of emaciation and poor reproductive
performances). Such production losses or a single animal death has far-reaching
economic and sociocultural consequences on subsistence farmers in resource-poor
communities (Olea-Popelka et al. 2017).
Bovine TB has been implicated in the increasing cases of
human health problems in Africa, such as the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
pandemic (Cosivi et al. 1998), and an increased human TB because of Mycobacterium tuberculosis may suggest a
concomitant increase in human infections with M. bovis. In LMICs, human–animal interactions are intensive, with
close cohabitation and poor hygiene standards during handling of animal
products (Ameni et al. 2007).
While drinking raw milk and eating
undercooked meat are obvious risk factors for the transmission, traditional
practices such as sharing of dwellings with animals at night and plastering
houses with cow dung are inadvertent risk for bTB transmission (Katale et al.
2012).
Addressing the identified risk
factors is sometimes complicated by cultural resistance (OleaPopelka et al.
2017). Attempting to change norms, such as plastering houses with cow dung,
without giving cheaper more accessible alternatives would be met with
resistance. For example, suggesting cement as an alternative building material
comes with high cost and is not a feasible alternative to the already
impoverished communities. Because livestock disease monitoring, control and
eradication activities should use multi-partner, multi-disciplinary approaches
and should be farmer-centred, policy-makers should take cognisance of farmers’
awareness levels and perceptions on bTB in planning mitigations and control
strategies (Ameni et al. 2007).
1.2 Statement of Research Problem
Livestock
production in Nigeria is largely in the hands of pastoralists who own greater
than 80% of the national cattle herd (Saidu,
et al., 1991). These pastoralists are in a habit of moving with their
livestock from one area to another, especially during the dry season as they go
out searching for crop residues for their livestock. It is also during this
period that water for them and their livestock is scarce and this adds to the
reason for their migration. In the process, many herds meet and this is capable
of spreading diseases, especially communicable ones like tuberculosis. The
level of education by these pastoralists has been shown to be low and therefore
they are not aware of how diseases are necessarily transmitted or spread among
animals (Saidu et al., 1991; Kaltungo, 2013; Buhari, 2014). The
cultural activities of the pastoralists with regard to their eating and
drinking habits has further added to the possibility for acquisition of
infection and even the spread of such diseases like brucellosis and even
tuberculosis, should the animals under their care be infected (Kaltungo et al,, 2013). Thus, today the
prevalence of both tuberculosis and brucellosis seem to be on the increase
(Alhaji, 1976; Abubakar, 2007; Bertu et
al., 2010; Kaltungo, 2013).
Hitherto, Nigerian Governments depended
greatly on oil for executing most of their activities in running governance.
The present national administration is diverting its interest in making
agriculture to contribute significantly to the Nigerian economy. Therefore, the
livestock sector of agriculture should be seen to make greater impact in
supporting the economy. This cannot be possible with increasing occurrence of
livestock diseases and even zoonotic ones. Thus, determining the status of
bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government area, Jigawa State will go
a long way in making cattle to meaningfully contribute economically to the
state and even national economy by way of increased supply of livestock
products and productivity.
1.3 Aim and Objectives of the Study
1.3.1 Aim
The aim of the study was to determine
the knowledge attitude and practice towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu
Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria
1.3.2 Objectives
1.
To determine the knowledge, attitudes and
practices towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area.
2.
To determine the factors associated with
bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State.
3.
To determine the risk factors of bovine
tuberculosis with regard to pastoralists‘ and communities‘ attitudes and
practices in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State.
1.4 Research
Questions
1.
What are the knowledge, attitudes and
practices towards bovine tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Area?
2.
What are the factors associated with bovine
tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State?
3.
What are the risk factors of bovine
tuberculosis with regard to pastoralists ‘and communities‘ attitudes and
practices in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas of Jigawa State?
1.5 Justification
Nigeria is one of the countries in
Africa with the highest livestock populations (Jahnke et al., 1986). However, other countries like Botswana and Kenya
are able to tap from their livestock population more than Nigeria as they have
substantially controlled livestock diseases (Jahnke et al., 1986). The potentials for increased and improved livestock
production in Nigeria were there as there were many grazing reserves and stock
routes that could facilitate livestock development (Saidu and Alhaji, 1981).
There are also many extension delivery outlets that can educate the livestock
keepers (pastoralists) to improve their production system (Dafwang, et al., 1987; Mijindadi and Saidu; 1990). However, diseases, especially
zoonotic ones, are capable of not only reducing productivity of the national
cattle herd but also adversely affecting the human population that will be
expected to drive the economy of the nation around. This is at a time when many Nigerians have
ventured into yoghurt production earning little income while Nigerians are able
to receive dairy products as a means of improving the per caput animal protein
intake, especially for the young and old members of the citizenry. The colonial
administration along with the Regional Governments tried to introduce livestock
development programmes like Livestock Investigation and Breeding Centres (LIBC)
and dairy farms with the sole aim of boosting livestock production. This has become a thing of the past as the
livestock owners are left more to themselves. There is,therefore, the urgent
need to look into the diseases that, not only affect livestock, but also influence
public health and productivity of both animals and man. Thus, this study is set
out to determine the epidemiological factors that will lead to the spread of
tuberculosis in Birnin Kudu Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Jigawa State.
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