Abstract
This study was conducted to analyze some selected heavy metals contents of selected edible vegetables from two local government areas (LGAs) of Jigawa State, Nigeria, with a view to unearth their toxicological implications on the populace. The vegetables sampled are Spinacia oleracea (spinach), Lactuca sati (lettuce), while the heavy metals analysed are Cd, Pb, Cr and Hg. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of the various heavy metals and Tukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests in a one-way analysis of variance was used to compare variations in metal concentrations. Cadmium (Cd werewas not detected in all the vegetables sampled except in one sample from Birnin kudu LGA. Cd and Pb concentrations in all samples were above the WHO maximum permissible limits for vegetables. Chromium Cr concentrations in all the vegetables from all the LGAs were far above the WHO maximum permissible limit in the order: Gwaram - spinach > lettuce; Birnin kudu - Spinach > lettuce. The results indicate that vegetablesthat vegetables lettuce and spinach are very good bioaccumulators of these heavy metals.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Declaration ………………………………………………………………………i
Approval Page......................................................................................................................... ii
Acknowledgement................................................................................................................ iii
Dedication............................................................................................................................... iv
Table of Contents................................................................................................................... v
Abstract...................................................................................................................................... vii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of the Study............................................................................................... 1
1.2 Global Distrubution of the vegetables....................................................................... 2
1.3 Aim and Objectives........................................................................................................ 2
1.4 scope of the work …………………………………………… …………..3
1.5 Statement of the problem .............................................................................................. 3
1.6 Significant Of the Research Study.................................................................................. 3
1.7 Definition
of the Operational Terms……………………………….……………4
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review............................................................................................................ 5
2.1 Heavy Metals .................................................................................................................. 5
2.2 Sources of Heavy Metals............................................................................................... 6
2.3 Bioaccumulation of heavy metals .............................................................................. 6
2.4 Toxicity
Of Some Heavy Method …………….……………………………….7
2.5
lettuce and spinach…………………………………………………………….10
2.6
nutritional content of lettuce and spinach…………
…………..……………11
2.7
health benefits of lettuce and spinach ……………………………………….11
2.8
major health risks of lettuce spinach ………………………………………..12
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0
materials and method ……………………..………………………………..14
3.1
materials and reagents ……………..……………………………………….14
3.2.0
method …………………………………………………………………….14
3.2.1
sample ….………………………………………….………………………14
3.2.2
sample collection ………………………………………………………….14
3.2.3
sample digestion ………………………….……………………………….14
3.3
data analysis ………….……………………………………….……………..15
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Result and discussion ……………………………………………………….16
4.1
result……………………………………………………………………………16
4.2
discussion ……………………………………………………………………18
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Summery, conclusion and recommendation………………………………..20
5.1
summary …………………………………………………………………..20
5.2
conclusion ………………………….……………………………………..20
5.3
recommendation……………………………………………………………..21
Reference………………………………………………………………………22
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTOODUCTION
1.1
BACKGROUND
Vegetables
constitute an important component of the diet of most people in the world. They
contain essential elements and are rich in vitamins, dietary fibers and
minerals. They are essential for growth and maintenance of good health. Some
are important for human health because of their vitamins, minerals,
phytochemicals compounds, and dietary fiber
content. Especially antioxidant vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin C, and vitamin E)
and dietary fiber content have important roles in human health. Adequate
vegetable consumption can be protective some chronic diseases such as diabetes,
cancer, obesity, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, as well as
improve risk factors related with these diseases. The production of vegetables
is important as a means of livelihood, employment and income generation to the
traders/vendors who market the produce, input suppliers such as farm machines,
fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides and other service providers. Yet vegetables
are being constalevelsontaminated with pollutants such as heavy metals through
various types of anthropogenic activities. Anthropogenic activities are
increasing concentrations of atmospheric pollutants, especially atmospheric CO2
and tropospheric O3, that play significant
roles in the functioning of forest ecosystems. Elevated levels of CO2
and O3
alter tree metabolism, growth, and chemical composition. Activities
such as mining and melting operation and agriculture have contaminated
extensive areas of the world such as Japan, Indonesia, and China mostly such as
Cd, Cu and Zn (Herawati at al., 2016).
Living organisms require varying amounts
of some metals such as iron, manganese, chromium, cobalt, copper, and zinc.
Excessive levels of these metals can be damaging to humans and other animals.
Other metals such as mercury, cadmium and lead are toxic, have no known
beneficial role in an organism and their accumulation over time in the bodies of
animals can cause serious health problems, Singh et al., 2011).
1.2 GLOBAL
DISTRIBUTION OF VEGETABLES
The global vegetable production in 2019,
broken down by type. In that year, approximately 180.77 million metric tons of
tomatoes were produced worldwide.
In 2014, maize was
the most commonly produced vegetable worldwide, contributing over 1.04 billion
metric tons to the global vegetable production. That year, Asia accounted for
more than three-fourths of the world vegetable production. In 2013, China was
the largest producer of fresh vegetables with a production value of
approximately 25.25 billion U.S. dollars. Other leading vegetable-producing
countries include India, Vietnam, Nigeria and Philippines.
In the United
States, California was the largest producer of fresh market vegetables in 2014.
The state also produced around 14.15 million tons of principal vegetables for
processing during the same period. In 2016, store sales of packaged salad in
the U.S. averaged 4,017 U.S. dollars per week. Tomatoes were the second most
sold vegetable produce category, followed by potatoes and other cooking
vegetables, (M Shahbendeh, 2021).
1.3
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
Aim:
The aim of this
research is to analyzed some heavy metals present in lettuce and spinach grown
in Gwaram and Birnin kudu local
government areas, Jigawa state, Nigeria.
Objectives:
The objectives of
the research are:
i To identify some selected heavy metals
present in lettuce and spinach.
ii To
quantitatively determine the amount of some heavy metals present in lettuce and
spinach.
iii To compare the
amount of some heavy metals present in lettuce and spinach.
1.4
SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of this
project work covers the determination of some heavy metals presence in spinach
and lettuce grown in Birnin kudu and Gwaram local government areas in Jigawa
state, Nigeria.
1.5
STATEMENT OF PROBLEM/ JUSTIFICATION
Previous studies
have been carried out to ascertain different levels of heavy metals in soil and
water sample, but this research work specifically targets some heavy metals
present in lettuce and spinach grown in Gwaram and Birnin kudu local government
areas of Jigawa state, so as to know the benefits of taken these vegetables
within the range of standard world health organization (WHO) and the danger of
these heavy metals when consumed beyond of standard world health organization
(WHO) found in the listed vegetables.
1.6
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE RESEARCH
When the research
work found valid will help peoples living in these areas to know which of the
vegetables have less concentration of heavy metals upon consumptions.
1.7 DEFINTION
OF THE OPERATIONAL TERM
Vegetables are
parts of plants that are consumed by humans or other animals as food. The original
meaning is still commonly used and is applied to plants collectively to refer
to all edible plant matter, including the flowers, fruits, stems, leaves,
roots, and seeds.
A comparative analysis is an essay in which
two things are compared and contrasted. You may have done a "compare and
contrast" paper in your English class, and a comparative analysis is the
same general idea, but as a graduate student you are expected to produce a
higher level of analysis in your writing.
Heavy metals are
generally defined as metals with relatively high densities, atomic weights, or
atomic numbers. The criteria used, and whether metalloids are included, vary
depending on the author and context.
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