CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction
This chapter comprises of Background
of the study, Statement of the problem, Objective of the research, Research
questions, Significance of the study, Scope of the study, and Operational
definition of terms.
According to World Health
Organization (WHO) stated that breast cancer is the top and commonest cancer
among women worldwide, and it increases particularly in developing countries
where the majority of cases are diagnosed in late stages. Breast cancer as the
most common in woman worldwide comprises 16% of all female cancer.
According to Coleman et al (2018),
breast cancer survival rate greatly world wide ranging from 80 or over in North
America, Sweden and Japan to about 60 in middle income countries. The low
survival rate in less developed countries can be explained mainly by the lack
of early detection program resulting in a high proportion of women preserving
with late stages disease as well as by lack of adequate diagnosis and treatment
facilities.
Globally, breast cancer is the
leading cancer-related disease both in morbidity and mortality among women,
affecting about 2.1million annually, and over half a million died in 2018 at
estimation. While breast cancer rates are higher among women in more developed
regions, rates are increasing in every region internationally, including
Nigeria. According to global cancer estimates of Bray et al (2017), compared to
other regions, the extents of cancer mortalities in Asia (57.3%) and Africa
(7.3%) were greater than the proportions of incidence (48.4% and 5.8%,
respectively) because there were various spreading of cancer categories and
advanced case fatality rates in these regions. Particularly, the study
indicated a higher estimated cumulative risk of dying from cancer among women in
the horn of Africa (11.4%), (Charles and Desjardin, 2019). According to
National cancer initiative (2017), stated that breast tissue, a common
malignant in women of the United States.
In Nigeria, according to the National Cancer
Control Plan (2018–2022), cancer is responsible for 72,000 deaths in Nigeria
every year, with an estimated 102,000 new cases of cancer annually.
According to Mayo clinic staff
(2017), stated that breast cancer is a cancer that forms in a breast. There are
numerous types of cancer of the breast but ductal cell carcinoma is the most
common type. World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended breast
self-examination as an alternative lost effective screening method for breast
cancer to all women of reproductive age. So practice of breast self-examination
(BSE) is important to all women of child bearing age in prevention of lump in
the breast (THOMAS 2018). Breast cancer is the most common invasive cancer and
the second leading cause of death in women after lung cancer.
The prevalence of breast cancer is
increasing in the developing nations as a result of a rising number of senior
citizens and lifestyle-related breast cancer risk factors like eating unhealthy
foods, obesity, and using harmful substances (WHO, 2018). Developing nations
those suffering the dual saddle of cervical and breast cancer to implement
economical and inexpensive interventions to confront these greatly preventable
diseases (WHO) recommends.
The Breast Self-Examination (BSE) practice has
been appreciated to enable women, taking concern for their health. BSE is a
suitable and cheap means that can be implemented regularly. The American Cancer
Society and other leading cancer agencies recommended the monthly practice of
BSE (American Cancer society 2018).
A country with inadequate resource
facilities and poor health systems ought to promote early diagnosis programs
based on breast self-exam, awareness of early signs and symptoms, and prompt
referral to diagnosis and treatment. BSE would be an alternative method to
prevent and control breast cancer morbidities and mortalities, even though
mammography is the finest screening technique (sarwar et al, 2018). There was
no similar research regarding the awareness of breast cancer and practice of
self-breast examination among women which influence the researcher to conduct
the research on awareness of breast cancer and practice of self-breast
examination among women in Rijiya Bakwai Quarters Birnin kudu.
World Health Organization (WHO, 2018)
has recommended breast self-examination as an alternative lost effective
screening method for breast cancer to all women of reproductive age. According
to American Cancer society (2019), it is recommended that women should
undertake breast self-examination once a month, within 3 to 5 days after
menstrual period start. Breast self -examination should be observed by women in
their early 20s for early detection of breast cancer .in some countries BSE is
required to be conducted on a monthly basis. Globally, breast cancer now
represents one in four of all cancers in women. Since 2008, worldwide breast
cancer incidence has increased by more than 20%. Mortality has increased by 14
%( Stedman 2020).
In Nigeria, The incidence rate of Breast
cancer ranges from 43.6 to 56.7/100,000 with age standardized of 48 years and
mortality rate of 72,000 occur annually and 102,000 new cases are diagnosed
from its population of 200,000000 people ( American Cancer society 2019).
In Jigawa, some women were
knowledgeable about breast cancer and breast self-examination but few actually
engaged in breast self-examination. That is the reason most of the women
developed breast cancer while some are at risk of developing breast cancer (Oluwatosin,
2018).
Wardle et al (2017), surveyed female
university students drawn from 20 European nations, the researchers revealed
that 54% of the study respondents never engaged in BSE while 8 percent
practiced on a monthly basis.
According to cancer research
conducted very recent in United Kingdom (2018), stated that although fewer
cases occur in group, breast cancer is still the most common cancer in women
under 35years of age, by the age of 35-49, over 6,700 women are diagnosed with
breast cancer each year and it's continue to be a major cause of morbidity and
mortality across the world. There are many consequences of breast cancer, both
physical and psychological. Physically, breast cancer can cause pain, swelling,
and loss of function in the affected breast. It can also cause lymphedema, a
condition where fluid builds up in the lymph nodes and causes swelling.
Psychologically, breast cancer can cause anxiety, depression, and body image
concerns. It can also lead to sexual dysfunction and difficulties with intimacy
(American Cancer society, 2019). All pregnant women should be informed and
teaching them how to perform the breast selfexamination during antenatal visit.
Health care provider should help women to be aware of breast self-examination
and give them health talk on breast self-examination in order to have positive
perception against it. Child bearing mothers should be encouraged to practice
breast self-examination after each menstrual circle. Motivation of government
to allocate right fractioned, and improve practice of breast self-examination
in general hospitals and other primary health care in order to reduce the risk
of breast cancer (American Cancer society 2020). Despite efforts the health
workers are making to enlighten women during antenatal visit, the practice of
Breast self- examination is not encouraging. In view of the above, the
researcher wishes to conduct the research on the awareness of breast cancer and
practice of self-breast examination Among women in Rijiya Bakwai Quarters Birnin
Kudu.
1. To
determine the level of knowledge of breast cancer among women in Rijiya bakwai
Quarters Birnin kudu.
2. To
identify the level of practice of Breast self -examination among women in
Rijiya bakwai Quarters Birnin kudu.
3. To
identify the preventing measures of breast cancer among women in Rijiya bakwai
Quarters Birnin kudu.
1. What
is the level of knowledge of breast
cancer among women in Rijiya bakwai Quarters
Birnin kudu?
2. What
is the level of practice of breast self-examination among women in Rijiya
bakwai
Quarters Birnin kudu?
3. What
are the preventive measures of breast cancer at Rijiya bakwai Quarters Birnin
kudu?
It was hoped that the study would
improve knowledge of breast cancer as well as the practice of breast
self-examination among women in Rijiya bakwai Quarters Birnin kudu.
The women will be aware of causes and
the way of prevention of breast cancer and also how to practice breast self
-examination.
This study will increase the
knowledge of nursing and midwifery professionals and serves as a reference
point for other researchers who will wish to conduct research on a similar
study. This study will also help the NGOS to know how to tackle the issues
about breast cancer by improving awareness.
The study will also call the
attention of government to train health workers on breast self- examination in
order to reduce the high risk of Breast cancer. The result will help to
strengthen the practice of controlled measures against breast cancer. Finally,
the finding will also provide useful information to researchers to carryout
similar studies.
This study is focus on assessment of
level of awareness of breast cancer and practice of selfbreast-examination among women in Rijiya
bakwai Quarters Birnin kudu.
Awareness
– is the quality or state of being aware: knowledge and understanding that
something is happening or exists. It can also be defined as a state of being
conscious of something more specifically it is the ability to directly know and
perceive to feel or to be cognizant.
Practice
– a method of learning by repetition.
Breast Self-Examination– is a method of finding abnormalities of the breast, for early
detection of breast cancer. The method involves the woman herself looking at
and feeling each breast for possible lumps, distortions or swelling.
Women –is a female
adult being associated with a particular place activity and occupation. Cancer: refers to a condition in which
the cells of the tissue undergo uncontrolled (and often rapid) proliferation.
Malignant: presence
of tumor cancer
Breast Cancer-is
a disease in which cells in the breast grows out of control and also divided it
mostly occur in women rarely seen in men treatable by medical professional and
require a medical diagnosis or it is an invasive tumor that develop in the
mammary gland which can be detected using breast self-examination or biopsy.
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