ABSTRACT
In this study, the incidence of Salmonella and Escherichia coliwas assessed. Fifty-six samples of poultry feed of starters, growers, layers, and finishers (from different manufacturers including Top feed, Vital feed, Supreme feed and Amobign feed) were purchased from several retail outlets and markets - Ahieke market, Okwuleghe and MOUAU poultry farm all in Umuahia metropolis, Abia State. The samples were processed aseptically using the serial dilution technique and appropriate dilutions inoculated onto nutrient agar, Salmonella-Shigella agar and MacConkey Agar). This result shows that out of the 56 feed samples screened, Escherichia coli and Salmonella yielded a combined number of 26 isolates with Escherichia coli having a value of 15 and Salmonella, 11. These values represent respectively 26.8% and 19.6% of the organisms in the samples.Sixteen (16) samples of Top feed contained 6 (37.5%) of Escherichia coli isolates and 5 (31.25%) of Salmonella sp.Sixteen (16) samples of Vital feed contained 2 (12.5%) of Escherichia coli isolates and 0 (0%) of Salmonella spp. Twelve (12) samples of Supreme feed screened contained 4 (33.3%) of Escherichia coli isolates and 2 (16.7%) of Salmonella sp. Twelve (12) samples of Amobign feed showed 3 (25%) of Escherichia coli isolates and 4 (33.3%) of Salmonella sp. The total viable bacterial count in this study was found to be high with the range of 7.1 to 3.5 × 106 cfu/g for Top feed, 9.0 to 2.7 × 106cfu/g for Vital feed, 8.0 × 105 to 1.9 ×106 cfu/g for Supreme feed and 9.4 to 4.8 × 106cfu/g for Amobgin. The study further recommended that livestock feeds should come with different standards; modern methods of raw material storage and proper handling during processing help to boost the quality of the feed.
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
Title
page i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgements iv
Table
of Contents v
List
of Tables vi
Abstract viii
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background
of the Study 1
1.2 Aims and Objectives 2
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Poultry
feeds 3
i.
Poultry feed
materials 3
2.1.2 Poultry feed formulation 4
2.1.2.1 Feed formulation process 7
2.1.3 Contamination of poultry feed 7
2.1.4 Evidence that poultry feed
is frequently contaminated with
bacteria pathogens 9
2.1.5 Outbreaks of human salmonella
infections traced to contaminated
poultry feed 10
2.2 Evolution
of Salmonella 12
2.2.1 Genus Salmonella
13
2.2.2 Taxonomy 14
2.2.3 Salmonella in poultry 15
2.2.4 Host
specificity 15
2.3 Salmonella viability in feed 16
2.4 Dissemination
of Salmonella 16
2.4.1 Via
poultry products 16
2.5 Capability
of modification 17
2.6 Factors
responsible for transfer of Salmonella contamination 18
2.7 Major
sources of salmonella dissemination during milling process 20
2.8 Comparison
of cultural methods for Salmonella isolation 23
2.9 Techniques
for isolation of Salmonella 23
2.10 Serotyping
24
2.10.1 Conventional
serotyping 26
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND
METHODS
3.1 Sample Collection 27
3.2 Media Preparation 27
3.3 Isolation of Organisms 27
3.4 Identification
of Isolates 29
3.4.1 Gram Staining 29
3.4.2 Catalase Test 29
3.4.3 Indole Test 30
3.4.4 Citrate Utilization Test 30
3.4.5 Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S)
Production Test 30
3.4.6 Urease Test 31
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Results 32-36
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
5.1 Discussion 37
5.2 Conclusion 39
5.3 Recommendations 40
References 41-45
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
4.1: Total
Viable Bacterial Load (In Cfu/G) of the Feed Samples 33
4.2:
Colonial and Biochemical
properties of the Bacterial Isolates 35
4.3: Distribution of the isolates
amongst the feed samples 36
CHAPTER
ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The advancement of
poultry industry in Nigeria is interrupted by a number of constraints, of which
major one is outbreak of disease causing about 30% mortality of chickens every
year (Ali, 2004). However, poultry feeds are food materials used in raising
poultry birds. Poultry feeds are referred to as complete feeds as they are
designed to contain all the nutritional materials needed for proper growth,
meat and egg production in birds. Various brands of poultry feeds are in
existence depending on the functions they perform in the birds. Thus, there are
growers, finishers, layers, starters among others (Hald et al., 2006). Poultry feeds can potentially become contaminated
with food borne pathogenic microorganisms during harvesting and eventual
marketing of the bagged feeds. Poultry feeds contaminated with bacteria
pathogenic to humans can contribute to human food borne illness through the
feed-poultry-food-human chain. The production of poultry feeds requires
microbiological safety regulations to escape microbial contamination of the
product. Prominent among these microorganisms, the bacteria Salmonella and
E. coli infections of poultry have been shown to be of critical
importance in Africa (Ayachi et al.,
2010).
Salmonella are spread from poultry to
humans, often through foods such as eggs and meat. Salmonella spp. causes
an intestinal infection in humans known as Salmonellosis (Ayachi et al., 2010). The investigation of
survey of Salmonella serovars in broilers and laying breeding
reproducers in Eastern Algeria was conducted (Okoli et al., 2006) it was reported that Salmonella reduced the reproductive capacity of broilers. One egg
colonized with Salmonella could contaminate all eggs and chicks during hatching
(Daini et al., 2005). Salmonella contamination
of food products can significantly reduce consumer demand and affect producer
profits (Barnes et al., 2003).
E. coli are one of other common microbial flora
of gastrointestinal tract of poultry. Among the diseases, some are often severe
and sometimes lethal infections such as meningitis, endocarditis, urinary tract
infection, septicemia, epidemic diarrhoea of adults and children (Akond et al., 2009) and yolk sac infection,
omphalitis, cellulitis, swollen head syndrome, coligranuloma and
colibacillosisn (Da Costa et al.,
2007). Enteritis caused by E. coli (colibacilliosis) is an important
disease in the poultry industry because of increased mortality and decreased
performance (Barnes et al., 2003).
1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The
objectives of the present study were:
iii)
To isolate and
identify Salmonella and Escherichia coli organism from poultry
feeds.
iv)
To determine the
prevalence of Salmonella and Escherichia coli from different poultry
feed types.
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