ABSTRACT
The
purpose of this investigation was to determine the incidence and association of
urinary Schistosomiasis among a cross
section of two primary school (Agulu migrant and Umuowelle primary school) in
Agulu,Anaocha Local Government Area of Anambra state.A cross sectional study
was done with a total of 60 participants that provided urine samples to be
examined for urinary Schistosomiasis.The
schools were Agulu migrant and
Umuowelle primary school.The urine samples were examined usind the
sedimentation and flotation techniques.The study was carried out during the
months of November to December 2015.The data was analysed and the following
result were obtained: 25(41.6%) out of the 60 samples examined were infected ;
with the infection occurring high within the age range of 8-10 years 11(55%).
of the 30 pupils sampled in umuowelle primary school , 12(40%) were infected
while 18(60%) were not infected . 13(43.3%) out of the pupils examined from
Agulu migrant school were infected and 17(56.6%)were not infected.Hence,based
on d findings,it is clear there is a prevalence of urinary Schistosomiasis among school children in Agulu and therefore
intervention in the study area is needed.
KEY
WORD: Haematuria, Eosinophiluria, Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium, S.mansoni, S.japonicum,
S.intercalum,
Niclosamide, Achloronitrosali_cylanilide, Praziquantel
TABLE
OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTROUDUTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
1.2 Statement
of Problem
1.3 Significance of the study
1.4 Objectives of the study
1.5 Scope of the study
1.6 Limitations of the study
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW
GEOGRAPHICAL
DISTRIBUTION
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AN METHODS
3.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREAS
3.1 SAMPLE COLLECTION
3.2 MATERIALS/APPARATUS
3.3 MTHODODLOGY
3.4 EXAMINATION OF THE URINE SAMPLE
3.5 MICROSCOPIC EXAMIANTION
3.6 SAFETY PRECAUTIONS TAKEN
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT/OBSERVATION
CHAPTER FIVE
CONCLUSION/RECOMMENDATION
PREVENTION AND
CONTROL
APPENDIX1:
APPENDIX II
CHAPTER ONE
2.0
INTROUDUTION
Schistosomiasis is also known as
bilharzia or “snail fever”. It is a parasitic disease carried by fresh water
snail infected with one of the five varities of the parasite schistosoma. Found
predominantly in tropics and sub-tropical climates. (Chitsulo, 2000),
schistosoma ranks second only to malaria as the most occurring parasitic
disease in the tropics (chitsulo, 2000).
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
The schistosomes or blood flukes belong
to the class trematoda of the phylum platyhelmintes. They are parasites of the
blood stream of warm blooded vertebrates. The species which infect man are
schistosoma haematobium, s mansoni, s intercalum and s japonicum.
They cause the disease known as schistosomiasis or bilharziasis (uyaeme, 2011).
Urinary schistosomiasis caused by fluke
worm s haematobium is one of the most common tropical olisease which
poses serious health hazard due to its associated morbidities. Globally, over
153 million people are infected with this parasitic infection (WHO1999). In Nigeria,
a good number of foci infections have been documented in various parts of the
country (Egwunyenga et al, 1994).
In developing countries, the true epidemiological
picture appears difficult because of inadequate researches in this direction
despite its relevance in planning and control in any locality. This problem is
compounded by the poor habits of people in developing countries in visiting
hospital, for treatment. Also, self medication is still practiced as manifested
by anti-helmintic abuse. This act is worsened by presence of inadequate health
facilities. One of the consequences of the self-medication of the
anti-helminthics abuse includes the suppression of the egg laying capacity of
the worms. The net effect is erroneous diagnosis using ova in urine in any
locality. This may also become evident in sub clinical cases and period of immaturity
of the worms when they are yet to commence egg laying. Another obvious
difficulty occurs during the early stages of infections. Although the uses of
serological diagnosis are available, poverty poses a serious impediment to the
applications of serology in the epidemiological work in these countries.
The
spined eggs are laid in water, the eggs hatch into ciliated miracidia which
bore into the tissues of certain fresh water snails, the intermediate host. Within
the snail, each miracidium forms a sporocyst which reproduces asexually to give
rise to cercariae (Raven and Johnson, 1996 cercariae production may continue
for several weeks, over 300 being produced each day from a single sporocyst. The
cercariae leaves the snail and swim in the water. They gain entry into man, the
final host, by penetrating the skin. once in the body system, the cercariae
develop into the adult fluke where they cause schistosomiasis.
Characteristic /features
1. They
are dioecions i.e sexes are separate and there is sexual dimorphism
2. The
male and female always occur together and the larger male carries the slender
female in it’s ventral groove or gynaecophoral canal.
3. They
live in the blood stream of vertebrates.
4. The
eggs are not operculate and are usually armed with a spine.
5. The
furcocerous cercariae penetrates directly through the skin into the definitive
host
6. It
is a water-borne disease with water snails as the intermediate host.
7. There
are two suckers, an oral and a ventral sucker (acetabulum).
8. The
alimentary canal consists only of intestinal caeca without an anus. (Uyaeme,
2011).
Habitat.
Schistosoma
haematobium occurs in the veins of the vessical plexus surrounding the urinary
bladder of man. it is found throughout Africa, middle East and India. the skin
or integument is spined. The snail hosts are members of the genius Bulinus
which are fresh water snail. it is the agent of haematuria and in renal schistosomiasis,
the eggs are voided via urine (Uyaeme, 2011).
Raven
and Johnson (1996) stated that the wide spread, introduction of irrigation in
the tropic has contributed greatly to the spread of this serious disease, by
spreading habitats for the snails that carry the worms. The disease is an
occupational hazard because people are infected due to the type of occupation (job
they do). It is water borne, people that frequent stagnant water bodies like
lakes, streams, ponds, dams e.t.c are at risk of being infected. The presence
of the appropriate snail host in a habitat is also important in the disease
transmission. Pollution of water with human faeces and urine due to bad
sanitary habits or disposition of human wastes in water bodies is also
important.
Economic importance
Schistosoma
haematobium causes schistosomiasis also known as Bilharzia. Hosts of the parasites
are humans and affect about 200 million people worldwide and is considered one
of the most serious pathogenic infections today (chitsulo, 2000).
S haematobium is pathogenic to humans and
causes spot of blood in the urine and sometimes in the stool, this leads to
haematuria (Uyaeme, 2011).
S
haematobium causes cough, fever, skin inflammation and tenderness of the liver
because the spined eggs attach to vital organs and cause tissue degeneration.
Later stages may cause swelling and damaging of the liver and other organs. the
eggs of S haematobium can clog the bladder neck and cause
infection chronic schistosomiasis raises the incidence of bladder cancer in
many middle eastern countries (Roberts et al, 2000).
Calcified
eggs embedded in the bladder wall increase the chances of blockage of the
vessels. Although other species of schistosoma are also of medical importance.
S
haematobium is the only species that affects human
urinary system (Baschi, 1991).
Considering
the high morbidity and mortality associated with Schistosoma infection in man,
it is important that before any control measures can be attempted, a thorough
knowledge of the disease pathogen, the epidemiology, the life cycle and the
economic importance as well as the egg shape must be well understood.
1.2 Statement
of Problem
There
are reports of urinary schistosomiasis all over Nigeria, which constitute a
public health problem particularly among children. (Sulyman et al, 2009). The
distribution of the disease is focal, aggregated and usually related to water
resources and development schemes such as irrigation projects, rice/fish
farming and dams.(mafe et al, 2000). This disease is predominant in Agulu owing
to the fact that this town is surrounded by a lake and the inhabitants
frequents the lake, while some always get in contact with water because farming
is their major occupation.
1.3 Significance of the study
The significance of this study is to
determine the incidence of urinary schistomiasis among the inhabitants of
Agulu. The importance of this study extends to revealing the contributory risk
factors of the disease in Agulu and to suggest ways to control or prevent the
disease.
1.4 Objectives of the study
i.
Determining the incidence of urinary schistosomiasis among the inhabitants of
Agulu.
ii.
Determining the socio-economic and environmental factors that can lead to
urinary schistomiasis among the inhabitants of Agulu.
iii.
Developing strategies to control the disease in the town.
1.5 Scope of the study
This research work has been limited
within Agulu and its environs. There are many school but only three primary
school has been used. With this perspective, the analysis of the incidence of
urinary schistomiasis among both male and females of different ages in Agulu
must not be neglected for a better result.
1.6 Limitations of the study
As a result of inadequate information,
coupled with time and financial constraints, the study was not an easy one.
Most of the inhabitants had the expression that giving out their urine should
be seen as exposing themselves to danger hence their refusal to give out the
sample, few refused as a result of ignorance and formal education.
Buyers has the right to create
dispute within seven (7) days of purchase for 100% refund request when
you experience issue with the file received.
Dispute can only be created when
you receive a corrupt file, a wrong file or irregularities in the table of
contents and content of the file you received.
ProjectShelve.com shall either
provide the appropriate file within 48hrs or
send refund excluding your bank transaction charges. Term and
Conditions are applied.
Buyers are expected to confirm
that the material you are paying for is available on our website
ProjectShelve.com and you have selected the right material, you have also gone
through the preliminary pages and it interests you before payment. DO NOT MAKE
BANK PAYMENT IF YOUR TOPIC IS NOT ON THE WEBSITE.
In case of payment for a
material not available on ProjectShelve.com, the management of
ProjectShelve.com has the right to keep your money until you send a topic that
is available on our website within 48 hours.
You cannot change topic after
receiving material of the topic you ordered and paid for.
Login To Comment